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49 Cards in this Set
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What were Henry's aims with foreign policy? |
- Polydore Vergil wrote that he was "more inclined to peace than war" - Henry didn't want to intervene much on the continent due to his vulnerable dynastic and financial position in 1485 - his foreign policy was lower down on his list than his domestic policies of enriching the monarchy and ensuring the obedience of his subjects - dynastic threats dominated his dealings with foreign rulers so the issue of security was his priority when securing treaties with France, Scotland, Spain and Brittany - FOREIGN POLICY AIM = DEFENSIVE |
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Why was Henry's foreign policy aim defensive? |
- due to the nature of his succession - there were several claimants to the throne that did actually manage to get foreign aid, so Henry had to be constantly on his guard against foreign invasion |
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Directly where was England and Henry vulnerable to and who should he have been wary of? |
- the most vulnerable border was his one with Scotland, which the French traditionally used, though Wales also couldn't be ignored as that's where his own invasion had come from - Ireland also had to be considered as it was volatile and prone to challenging the authority of the english crown |
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What did Henry do in the first 3 years of his reign to secure his country and why? |
- made a series of early truces with France, Scotland, Brittany and the HRE - needed time to consolidate support - needed nominal support abroad if he was to secure his throne at home - with treaties could be fairly confident that other countries wouldn't offer assistance to the other claimants to the throne - treaties also meant he was accepted as king of England by other countries and that he was expected to remain so |
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What did Henry agree with France in the first 3 years of his reign? |
- negotiated a 1 year truce (from 1485, straight after Bosworth...) which was then extended to January 1489 - France had helped to finance the expedition that had led directly to Bosworth so wanted to maintain good relations with England's traditional enemy |
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What did Henry agree with Scotland in the first 3 years of his reign? |
- July 1486, H succeeded in persuading James III to agree to a 3 year truce - scots were more favourable to his reign than his predecessors - however James III was assassinated in 1488 but the accession of 15 y/o James IV meant for a short while H had nothing to fear from across the border though was wise to keep contacts at the Scottish court in case of future aggression |
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What did Henry agree with Brittany in the first 3 years of his reign? |
- in spite of french treaty agreed, in July 1486 H negotiated a commercial treaty with Brittany, as they too had sheltered him in exile |
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What did Henry agree with the HRE in the first 3 years of his reign? |
- January 1487 he concluded a treaty with Maximilian, king of the Romans and heir to the HRE, for one year |
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What foreign problems did Simnel's rising cause? |
- caused H to play a more active role in foreign affairs - Simnel caused diplomatic issues because ehe received support from Ireland and Burgundy - Irish antagonism not unusual, but from Burgundy was: England's main ally in 100 years war and main outlet for sale of English cloth - however Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Burgundy and sister of Edward IV had supported Yorkists in recent civil war and was very willing to give Simnel 2000 German mercenaries - fortunate for H that other support for Simnel was limited so he defeated the rebels at Stoke 1487 - episode was a warning to H as it showed his vulnerability as King, especially when claimants had foreign support |
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What happened in the first part of the Brittany Crisis (1487-88)? |
- when the minor Charles VIII came to the throne of France, his sister, Anne of Beaujeu, acted as regent and wanted to recover Brittany, the largest remaining semi-independent duchy - time seemed right in 1487 as despite Duke Francis II desperately wanting to preserve French independence he was old with no male heirs and only two young daughters, Anne, 12, and Isabel - Anne of BJ wanted Charles VIII to marry Anne of Brittany - proposal alarmed Europe as France acquiring Brittany would make it even more powerful than it already was - Ferdinand sent 1000 troops, Max sent 1500 and Alain d'Albret (french nobleman who wanted Brittany himself like Max, by marrying Anne) to intervene and prevent French taking control - H sent several hundred volunteers to Duke Francis and attempted to act as mediator - French defeated Bretons (and allied forces) at St-Aubin-du-Corbier on 28th July 1488 - duke signed treaty of Sablé, promising his daughter Anne couldn't marry without the permission of the french king - Duke died 9th september and the french claimed custody of her - other european powers concerned but too busy elsewhere so looked to England to help deal with the crisis |
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Why did Henry send in volunteers in the first part of the Brittany crisis? |
- alarmed by increase in french power and France's increased potential to invade (would have control of almost entire southern shore of channel with Brittany's good ports and maritime resources) - owed debt to Duke for sheltering and providing for him when he was in exile - didn't want a war with france as had been a guest there during final stage of exile and wary of antagonising them - didn't really have the money for full-scale war |
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What happened with the Treaty of Redon in 1489? |
- with this treaty signed in February 1489 H agreed to send 6000 troops to defend Breton independence and Anne pledged to pay for them and not to marry/form alliances with France - h had policy of restraint so sent over not many men, didn't want to look like he was waging a war - sent troops in April 1489 - under Treaty of Dordrecht with Max in Feb 1489 he agreed to send 3000 troops to help Max relieve a garrison of his in return for Max sending troops to help Brittany; Max let him down and made peace with Charles VIII of France in 1489 - under Treaty of medina del campo with spain in march 1489, H and Spain agreed to go to war against France to recover lost territories (Normandy and Aquitaine) for england, but Spain sent only 2000 in 1490 (had own war going on in Granada) - jan 1491 Max married Anne of Brittany by proxy (a person authorised to act on behalf of another) - Anne forced to marry Charles VIII in dec 1491, spelling the end of Breton independence |
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What was Henry's dilemma with Brittany after it seemed it was lost to France in 1491? |
- had promised to go to war against France to defend Brittany, but Brittany was now officially part of France, so could either attempt to liberate brittany by conquering France or leave Brittany while getting the best terms for himself - had raised a large amount of money for war (parliamentary grants in 1489 and 1491 and a benevolence (forced loan) in 1490 had raised £181,500) and he would anger his subjects if he didn't go, especially as he had invested prestige in the campaign by promising to go himself and needed to go to for credibility as King - war expensive (H couldn't count on Spain, Max or many Bretons for support) and likely to end in defeat and H didn't want exposure to Yorkists, who the French might support if they went to war |
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What did Henry do about Brittany after it had been seemingly lost to the French in 1491? |
- H announced intention to assert claim to French throne and summoned Parliament in october which made a formal grant of two subsidies - spent year preparing and went with english army over channel in october 1492 with 26,000 men and laid siege to Boulogne - Charles didn't want war with H as was busy in Italy so 9 days after H set foot on french soil Charles offered peace and on 3rd november 1492 the Treaty of Étaples was concluded |
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What did the Treaty of Étaples entail? |
- Charles wanted to get rid of H and keep Brittany, so promised to give no further aid to english rebels, particularly warbeck, and to pay most of H's costs of intervening in Brittany - this totalled 745,000 gold crowns, paid at rate of 50,000 a year, which was about £5000, approx 5% of H's annual income |
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Evaluate success of Treaty of Étaples: |
- glorious victory not won, as independence of Brittany lost forever and whole southern side of channel was in french hands apart from calais + however had prevented Charles VIII from helping Wreck and secured a decent annual pension + while contending with French aggression had made a good alliance with Spain and shown that England under a tudor king couldn't be completely overlooked in continental affairs + H did ok considering the position he was in |
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When were the Italian wars, what were Henry's options regarding them and what did he do about them? |
1494-1509 - France invaded Italy in 1494, shifting Europe's focus south and leaving H at the edge of European politics - In H's interests for the war to continue as his main foreign policy concern of the 1490s was Warbeck, and without the distraction of the wars the European powers might offer him assistance - Spain and the HRE urged H to join the alliances against France but any attack on them would be costly - if England attacked France, the danger posed by French retaliation would be huge - H remained neutral but formed alliances with Spain and the HRE - France's invasions of Italy in 1494 and 1498 kept focus away from England and H's aloofness gave him room to manoeuvre; the conflict continued until the end of his reign |
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What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo? |
- a treaty signed between H and Ferdinand of Spain in March 1489 - Spain had emerged as a major power in 1479 after Aragon and Castile were united and though it was initially a rival of England's, they were prepared unite with their common animosity towards France - early in 1488 H suggested a marriage between his eldest son Arthur and Ferdinand's youngest daughter Catherine of Aragon when they reached marriageable age (Catherine was then 3, six months older than Arthur) - negotiations were laborious as both wanted best terms but finally Ferdinand agreed to H's demands about the size of Catherine's dowry (money or property paid by the bride's father to the groom's family on his daughter's marriage) and promised not to help any english rebels |
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Why was the Treaty of Medina del Campo significant? |
- Tudor dynasty had been recognised as an equal by one of the leading royal families of Europe - of major importance to an usurper who was desperately keen to secure international recognition of the legitimacy of his position as king - perhaps most significant achievement of H's foreign policy |
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What was the League of Venice and why was it created? |
- initially a result of Charles VIII's successes in France, with other European rulers fearing he was becoming too powerful - in 1495 the Pope, Ferdinand, Maximilian, Venice and Milan formed the League of Venice with the intention of driving Charles VIII out of Italy - England wasn't included because the conflict was outside its usual field of interest but by 1496 Ferdinand released it might be dangerous to exclude England, perhaps suspecting that H wished to preserve good relations with france and fearful of losing England's goodwill to the french - Charles did appear to be ingratiating himself with H by offering assistance against Warbeck |
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Why was 1496 a successful year for Henry's foreign policy? |
- in october he managed to conclude a further agreement with Ferdinand about Arthur and Catherine's marriage - Ferdinand secured England's entry into the revamped League of Venice, now called the Holy League - H showed he was no-one's puppet by joining the league only on condition England wasn't bound to go to war with France - also managed to make a commercial treaty with France while maintaining good relations with his allies in the League - concluded Magnus Intercursus (Great Treaty), the basis on which good trading relations were resumed between England and Burgundy |
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What problems did Warbeck's rising cause for Henry's foreign policy? |
- he involved other rulers in England's dynastic problems - Warbeck received support at different times from Ireland, France, Burgundy and Scotland, which greatly complicated H's foreign policy - complicated his treaty with Spain as Ferdinand and Isabella didn't want their daughter marrying the heir to an insecure crown - another example was in 1493 when H went as far as disrupting England's cloth trade by placing a temporary embargo (prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country) on commercial dealings with the Netherlands because Philip and Margaret were offering Warbeck aid - Warbeck also highlighted long term problem of possible invasion via Scotland, so H was relieved when in 1497 Warbeck was finally caught and peace was made with scotland |
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When were Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon married and why was this such a success for Henry? |
1501 - october 1501 Catherine arrived in London with 100,000 crowns of her dowry and married Arthur in St Paul's Cathedral on 14th November - H hoped England would play a part in the growing spanish empire in the new world - the marriage of Catherine's sister Joanna to Philip of Burgundy united the two states and provided the possibility of another ally for H if he needed one |
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When did Prince Arthur die and what happened afterwards? |
- died april 1502 at ludlow, only 5 months after the wedding - within 5 weeks of his death Ferdinand and Isabella were instructing their ambassador to conclude a marriage with Prince Henry, the new heir to the throne, and to settle the dowry - a formal treaty was confirmed in September 1502 but it recognised that a dispensation would be necessary from the pope as Catherine was considered to be too closely related to H because of her marriage to Arthur - the required papa document arrived in 1504 |
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When did Queen Elizabeth die, what was the impact of this what did Henry start to do next? |
- died in february 1503, shortly after giving birth to a daughter - two of H's 3 sons already dead, no hope of any more - DYNASTIC WORRIES - at this time Edmund de la Pole fled abroad - H considered taking a new wife who might be able to bear him more heirs - sought Joanna of Naples, Margaret of Savoy and Joanna of Castile and Burgundy in turn - no evidence he wanted to marry C of Aragon - first choice in 1504 seemed to be the young widow Queen Joanna of Naples, Ferdinand's niece, encouraged by Spain as Ferdinand wanted to strengthen links with england as his relations with France were worsening - all came to nothing as Isabella of Castile died in november 1504 |
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What was the significance of Queen Isabella's death? |
- H and Ferdinand rivals in the matrimonial stakes - anti-French alliance of Netherlands, Spain and England was turned into a self-destructive feud - Ferdinand was King only in Aragon, and it was Joanna (eldest daughter of Ferdinand), who was her mother's heir to Castile, the larger and more important territory - Joanna had married Philip, Archduke and ruler of Burgundy and heir to the HRE in 1496 - unity of Spain could only be preserved if she allowed her father to act as regent, but Philip forced her to take up her inheritance immediately, meaning Castile would be absorbed into the vast Habsburg empire - Ferdinand was not willing to let Castile slip into the hands of one of his bitterest enemies |
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What did Henry have to consider when deciding who to ally with during the Castilian succession Crisis? |
- allying with Ferdinand now wasn't so favourable, as he was King only of insignificant Aragon and wouldn't want to commit his only son, Prince Henry, to a valueless marriage - H MUST maintain commercial links with Burgundy (controlled by Philip) as the cloth trade depended on it - Philip was younger and more vigorous than Ferdinand and there was the possibility of Prince Henry marrying Philip's daughter Eleanor - Maximilian (Philip's son) was sheltering de la Pole and an alliance with Philip would probably enable H to gain custody of him - H thought Ferdinand had nearly duped him into marrying the penniless Queen Joanna of Naples |
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Who did Henry ally with during the Castilian Succession crisis and why? |
- retained alliance with philip and attempted to establish more amicable relations with him in case of a possible break with France
- wanted to ensure better trading links with Antwerp - wanted to persuade Philip to hand over de la Pole |
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What did the Castilian Succession Crisis prompt Ferdinand and Philip to do? |
- Ferdinand knew he'd lost his Habsburg alliance (Philip and Max) and that his English one was slipping away from him, and fearing isolation turned to his old enemy France - Louis XII of France was perturbed by the expansion of the Habsburg dynasty so agreed to an alliance and signed the Treaty of Blois in october 1505 (Ferdinand also married Louis' niece, Germaine de Foix - race now on for Castilian crown: with Frenchs support, Ferdinand would have been able to force the Castilian nobility to accept him, so Philip responded to the urgency of the situation and set sail for Castile with a large fleet in the middle of winter in January 1506 - his ships were scattered by a storm and he was shipwrecked on the english coast |
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Why were English-Spanish relations made worse by the Castilian Succession Crisis? |
- H chose Philip over Ferdinand - H lent Philip money to finance his expedition to claim the throne of Castile - H considered marrying Margaret of Savoy (she rejected), the sister of Philip and daughter of Max, though it would have jeopardised Prince Henry and Catherine's marriage - H further annoyed Ferdinand by keeping Catherine's dowry despite Ferdinand asking him to complete the marriage settlement or return the bride and her dowry to Spain - prince Henry even persuaded to formally protest that a marriage with the widow of his brother was against his conscience - H therefore began to look for a French or Burgundian bride for Prince Henry |
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What were H's options with Philip when he arrived in England in 1506? |
- H could tie himself closely to Philip's ambitious political risk of claiming Castile by sending troops or money - H could push for marriages for himself, Prince Henry and Mary with the Habsburgs to secure his vulnerable dynasty - could improve trade agreements with Burgundy agreed under the Intercursus Magnus in 1496 - could get de la pole back |
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What did Henry do when Philip arrived in England in 1506 and what happened in the rest of the year? |
- give maximum support to philip and concentrate on extraction terms favourable to england - treaty stated that de la Pole should be handed over and H would marry Philip's sister (Margaret of Savoy) - in mid April 1506 Philip and Joanna arrived in Castile to a rapturous welcome, and failing to gain any effective french support, Ferdinand retired to Aragon - balance and security seems restored to western europe - however in september 1506 philip died and Ferdinand quickly regained control of Castile with Maximilian assuming the regency of Burgundy for his young grandson Charles - Philip's widow Joanna suffered a breakdown, refusing to let anyone bury the body of Philip |
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What was Henry's position after Philip's death in 1506 and what did he have to consider? |
- isolated and exposed, his foreign policy and England's position at the mercy of continental events and decisions - Ferdinand was secure in his French alliance and didn't need England now, still bitter about how H had dropped him for Philip - H really needed some marriage alliances for himself, his son and daughter and could look for Spanish matches with C of A (he had broken it off after all) and Joanna now she was free - alliances and marriages also possible with Maximilian's family (H to Margaret of Austria, Prince Henry to Eleanor of Burgundy and Princess Mary to Charles of Burgundy) - marriage alliance with France a possibility via Prince Henry and Louis' niece, Margaret of Angoulème |
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What did Henry do after Philip's death in 1506? |
- he constructed alliances with a number of European countries - feared France would seize on the weakness of the Netherlands to take lands there so repaired his relationship with Ferdinand and strengthened relations with Maximilian |
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What did Henry have to consider when adopting a policy towards Scotland in 1485 and what did initially do? |
- edward IV had taken the border towns of Berwick and Dunbar which the scots wanted back - kings of scotland traditionally owed allegiance to english kings but resented it and always looked for ways to avoid it - scots had a traditional alliance with France which always posed danger to England - scottish hostility created ever-present problem of border raids and invasions, more likely during time of instability after Bosworth, so H anxious for peace with scots - yorkist rebels received shelter in scotland - leniency towards scotland wouldn't be well received by h's subjects - HE ATTEMPTED TO REACH A DIPLOMATIC SETTLEMENT |
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Describe the nature of James IV's accession and what H had to consider when dealing with him: |
- English relations were improving under James III but he was killed in june 1488 at the battle of Sauchieburn by rebellious scottish nobles - James IV was a minor and his regency was dominated by anti-English nobles - there were anglophile scottish nobility with whom H could do business (leader was Earl of Angus) - ousted scottish rebels were sheltering in england and wanted an opportunity to re-establish themselves - H's daughter Margaret was born in november 1489 and was an obvious match for James IV - scotland was drawing tighter links with france when england was at war with france over brittany - H fearful Warbeck would receive support in scotland |
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How did Henry try to deal with Scotland under James IV and what was the nature of the Anglo-Scottish relationship between 1492-96? |
- supported the pro-English and rebellious Scottish nobles and continued to attempt to reach a diplomatic settlement - situation improved in 1492 when the pro-English Earl of Angus re-established control and a 9 year long truce was signed in 1493 - however in 1495 it all changed again when the glory-hungry James IV came of age and Warbeck arrived in July - Warbeck was given a royal welcome, a marriage to James' cousin Lady Catherine Gordon, military support for an invasion in september 1496 and shelter for 2 years |
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What did Henry have to consider after James IV's outright defiance against him with Warbeck? |
- Warbeck had been at large since 1491 and active scottish support considerably strengthened his position - Warbeck's invasion attempt in september 1496 failed because few scottish nobles supported him and the small force (1400 men) was easily driven back across the border - parliamentary approval and funding for a war against the Scots, following Warbeck's invasion attempt, would be forthcoming - in 1496-7 England was free of any other foreign entanglements - successful prosecution of a scottish campaign could force James IV to the negotiating table - marriage of Margaret to James IV remained an important objective |
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What did Henry do after James IV's defiance against him with Warbeck, what were the complications and how were Anglo-Scottish relations until 1497? |
- attempted to launch a full-scale invasion - however the south-west (Cornwall) rose in rebellion in May 1497 and H needed to divert forces to suppress the uprising - skirmishes continued in Scotland but the south-west rose again when Warbeck landed in autumn 1497 and called on his 'subjects' to join him - fortunately James IV didn't take advantage of the Cornish rebellion to launch another attack of his own |
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How did Anglo-Scottish relations improve in 1497? |
- James IV was under pressure to cease hostilities and with Warbeck's departure in July 1497 could sign the Treaty of Ayton in September 1497 - became a full peace treaty in 1499 when Warbeck was executed - treaty was sealed by the marriage of James to Margaret, H's eldest daughter, in August 1503 |
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How did Anglo-Scottish relations continue to improve after 1497? |
- the "Treaty of Perpetual Peace" was signed in 1502, and under this agreement the truce was extended and the marriage of James and Margaret was finalised, taking place in august 1503 |
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Evaluate the success of the peace treaties between England and Scotland: |
- Scotland didn't abandon her ancient pact with france, meaning the peace depended on the continuation of good relations between England and France, but while H lived this didn't pose a problem - border raids and James' expansion of his navy led to strained relations - H stabilised but didn't secure his northern border |
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What was Henry's position in foreign policy in 1508? |
- ambition in italy brought him temporary security: Louis XII, Maximilian and Ferdinand formed the League of Cambria to attack Venice, in which H was noticeably excluded though since he was declining in health he was probably glad of the respite - had achieved a measure of stability in his foreign relations and his position on the throne was now secure from foreign intervention |
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Overall, how well did Henry respond to foreign events? |
- H never directed foreign policy in europe, but responded to crises as they arose - as his policies were dependent for their effectiveness on distractions elsewhere, they were fragile and short term + successfully dealt with all events with a combination of clever diplomacy and threats of war and peace + was at no time ever dragged into a major conflict |
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What were Henry's aims with his foreign policy? |
- secure the dynasty and destroy threats from pretenders - boost economy - avoid war - have stability and peace in europe - gain credibility |
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Evaluate how well Henry achieved his foreign policy aim of securing the dynasty: |
+ made treaties with Spain, France, Burgundy and Scotland + successful as got C of A for Princes Arthur and Henry + got pension (emergency contingency fund) and protection from France + got de la Pole from Burgundy + credibility from all - threatened by Warbeck, Suffolk - nearly fell out with Ferdinand |
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Evaluate how well Henry achieved his foreign policy aim of boosting the economy: |
+ made trade agreements with Burgundy (Magnus and Malus Intercursus), getting better deals for the English cloth trade + making alliances increased trade - made a trade embargo, not good for economy |
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Evaluate how well Henry achieved his foreign policy aim of avoiding war: |
+ made alliances with all major European powers + took on role of negotiator and peacemaker to avoid having to choose sides in the event of war + made truces e.g. bought by France in place of war, preventing invasion from pretenders - did almost engage in battle a few times but + did manage to extract a favourable treaty for England before any serious was occurred |
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Evaluate how well Henry achieved his foreign policy aim of gaining credibility: |
+ made alliances as recognised King of England + role of peacemaker also gained him credibility - pretenders threatened his claim but + despite earlier mistakes of leniency he was able to capture/execute them and vanquish their threats to his throne and authority |
