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60 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What was Henry's maternal claim to the throne? |
- Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a direct descendant of Edward III by the marriage of his third son, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, to Katherine Swynford - John and Katherine's children had been born prior to the marriage when Katherine had been his mistress, so there was uncertainty about the legality of the claim - though an act of parliament in Richard II's reign had legitimised Gaunt's children, a further act in Henry IV's reign had excluded them from the line of succession |
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What was Henry's paternal claim to the throne? |
- Henry inherited royal blood (though not a claim to the throne) from his father Edmund Tudor,a s Edmund's mother Catherine was a French princess who had been previously married to Henry V - after Henry V, Catherine's husband, died she had no claim to the throne - she married Owen Tudor and they had Edmund Tudor and Jasper Tudor, half-brothers of the king Henry VI, who raised them both to peerage by creating Edmund Earl of Richmond and Jasper Earl of Pembroke - thus Henry VII was the half-nephew of Henry VI |
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Describe the Wars of the Roses: |
1455-85 - a series of dynastic civil wars fought between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne - named after the war between the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster - both houses claimed the throne through descent from Edward III - started during Henry VI's reign, a mad Lancastrian King who went insane in 1453 |
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What happened during Henry's rise to kingship from 1457-1461? |
1457: Henry Tudor born to a young mother (14) and a dead father; mother distantly related to Lancastrian throne but better claims existing 1461: Lancastrian King Henry VI lost his crown to the Yorkist Edward IV; Henry Tudor taken away from his mother at 4 years old and looked after and closely watched by Edward's friend William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and a prominent Yorkist |
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What happened during Henry's rise to kingship from 1470-1471? |
1470: Henry VI King again after a rebellion against Edward IV (after he married a commoner, Elizabeth Woodville, whose large family wanted land and titles which angered the Yorkists who got nothing); Henry was taken to London and briefly reunited with the mother he hadn't seen for years before again returning to south Wales, though this time with his Uncle Jasper Tudor 1471: 6 months later Edward IV returned to England, killing Henry VI, his son and heir and all other leading Lancastrians, almost exterminating the line completely, making Henry the most important Lancastrian heir; that September 14 year old Henry and Jasper Tudor fled Pembroke Castle, where they had been holed up by Yorkist armies, to the traditional Lancastrian refuge of France; storms took them west to the Duchy of Brittany |
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What happened during Henry's rise to kingship from 1471-1482? |
- Henry was received kindly by Duke Francis of Brittany, who himself had no sons - Henry was an important bargaining chip he could use against who also wanted Henry (France was trying to take over areas like Brittany) - Henry was transferred from fortress to fortress as a fugitive and exile - Once in November 1476, Francis succumbed to give Henry to Edward IV in return for funds and military aid - 19 year old Henry escaped, and by the time he made it back to the Breton court Francis was very sorry for his betrayal |
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What happened during Henry's rise to kingship in 1483 |
April 1483: Edward IV dies grossly fat with his 12 year old son Edward Prince of Wales named as his heir; however Edward IV's brother Richard Duke of Gloucester felt Elizabeth Woodville's clan had got too close to the heart of power, arresting and executing leading members and putting the two princes (Edward and Richard Duke of York) in the Tower; he then proclaimed himself Richard III Summer 1483: Lady Margaret Beaufort secretly agrees a pact that Henry Earl of Richmond (Henry Tudor) would return from Brittany to claim the throne and take Elizabeth of York, the oldest of Edward IV's daughters, as his wife - uniting the houses of Lancaster and York August 1483: Richard III's right hand man the Duke of Buckingham persuaded to the new alliance by Bishop John Morton of Ely, his prisoner; an uprising headed by Henry and funded by Brittany is co-ordinated Autumn 1483: Woodville loyalists rose in rebellion along the south coast of England from Kent to Devon, Buckingham marched out from Wales ahead of an army of retainers and Henry prepared to set sail from Brittany; that October the weather was terrible and forced Henry to turn back, though in England Richard III had already quashed the uprisings, beheading Buckingham and destroying his army; the Woodville rebels fled to Brittany December 1483: Henry seals his pact with the exiles at the cathedral of Rennes on Christmas Day, they pledging allegiance to him, he swearing to marry Elizabeth of York |
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What happened during Henry's rise to kingship in 1484? |
- the ageing and infirm Duke of Francis was bribed by Richard's men to give up Henry in exchange for help against the increasingly menacing France - warned of his imminent betrayal Henry fled across the border to France |
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What happened during Henry's rise to kingship in earlier1485? |
Spring: France proclaimed lavish financial support for Henry's invasion of England as the threat of English-backed Brittany increased; however by July the Breton menace evaporated along with French enthusiasm - rumours were circulating that Richard III had taken an interest in marrying Elizabeth of York, which panicked Henry, who then scrambled to raise an invasion force of demobilised French mercenaries and his own sketchy forces of ex-Yorkists and other supporters - |
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What happened during Henry's rise to kingship in August 1485? |
1st August: Henry sets sail for England - Henry lands at the port of Milford Haven in Wales - he and his forces march through Wales and into NW England, the heartlands of his stepfather's powerful Stanley family - The Stanley's hoped for support arrived with reluctance as Margaret Beaufort's 3rd husband, Lord Stanley, was all talk little commitment - Stanley's vast well-armed forces shadowed Henry's own on the journey south-east to see how the chips fell 22nd August: Battle of Bosworth; Henry wins against Richard III and becomes King |
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Describe in detail the events of the Battle of Bosworth: |
- Stanley said he 'would be at hand' to Henry but didn't commit until the last minute - Richard had around 10,000 men whereas without Stanley Henry only had around 2000 - Nobles apparently loyal to Richard failed to advance against Henry, perhaps confused or reluctant to commit - Richard's cavalry rushed into Henry's household troops and in the carnage Henry and Richard ended up fighting face to face - As Henry's standard bearer was being killed and the standard was falling, the Stanley forces, led by Lord Stanley's brother William Stanley, piled in to his rescue - Richard was swept away and killed, previously shouting that "This day, I will die as a King or win" - Lord Stanley placed Richard's fallen crown on Henry's head |
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Once King in 1485, what was Henry's one essential aim? |
to remain King and establish his dynasty by handing on an unchallenged succession to his descendants§ |
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What were Henry's first main actions as King and why did he do this? |
- he predated the official beginning of his reign from the day before Bosworth, meaning Richard and his supporters could be declared traitors; it also meant that their estates became the property of the Crown by act of attainder - he deliberately arranged his coronation for 30th October, before the first meeting of Parliament on 7th November; thus it could never be said that Parliament made Henry VII King - he applied for a papal dispensation (when the Pope exempted a person from a certain punitive clause in law) to marry Elizabeth of York (necessary as they were distant cousins); they married on 18th January 1486, finally uniting the houses of Lancaster and York |
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How was Kingship perceived in the Tudor world? |
the King had absolute power and ruled with divine right |
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What was the Privy Council and what was the leader called? |
- where people with skills (e.g. politicians) helped govern the country (not always noblemen) - leader called Lord Chancellor |
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What was the Privy Chamber and what were some positions within it? |
- King's personal servants, closest to King - Groom of the Stool - most personal and close to King - Gentleman of the Wardrobe |
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Who could England typically ally themselves with? |
- England and France were "Auld enemies" - allies included Spain, HRE (Habsburgs) and Brittany |
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Complete the labels for the Hierarchy of Power in Henry's reign |
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Who were Henry's rival claims to the throne at the beginning of his reign? |
- the most direct male Yorkists were the Princes in the Tower, though they had been missing for 2 years and were likely dead - the most direct male representative of Richard III was his 10 year old nephew Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of his brother Clarence) - Henry put him in the tower in relative comfort though without the freedom to come and go - Richard III had named another nephew, John De La Pole, Earl of Lincoln, as his heir but both he and his father Duke of Suffolk swore loyalty to Henry and the king accepted this - Lincoln was invited to join the government and became a member of the King's council |
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Who were the surviving Yorkist nobility after Bosworth and how did Henry deal with them? |
- though Henry was naturally suspicious of Richard's supporters at Bosworth, he was prepared to give them a second chance if he could be persuaded of their loyalty to him - the Earl of Surrey had fought on the Yorkist side with his father, the Duke of Norfolk (who died at Bosworth) and Henry kept him in prison until 1489, by which time he was convinced of his good intentions - another of Richard's allies, the Earl of Northumberland, was released even sooner in 1485 and given the opportunity to prove his loyalty by resuming his old position in control of the North of England - ex-Yorkists were therefore not automatically excluded from the Tudor court, loyalty was all the King required |
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What was England's position in England in late 15th century Europe? |
- internally riven by the Wars of the Roses, England had been involved very little in European affairs since the end of the 100 years war in 1453 - though an island, it had limited military forces at its disposal and was vulnerable to attack, especially from France - Calais was controlled by England and valued - The Netherlands, especially Antwerp, were essential centres for the English cloth trade and needed to remain accessible - Yorkist pretenders were likely to generate foreign-backed invasion attempts |
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How vulnerable to Brittany was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- had been Henry's protector during his exile - independent duchy in the north west of France ruled by Francis II - after fleeing Britain in 1471, Henry VII had remained in Brittany for most of his exile, and so owed the Duke a great deal of gratitude |
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How vulnerable to France was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- on becoming king in 1483, Charles VIII inherited a France that had increased quickly in size and power during the 15th century - it had the largest and most professional army in europe it was financially strong, having considerable power in the collection of taxes - it had the largest population in Europe at around 15 million - this 'rejuvenated' France now looked to secure Brittany and pursue its claims to Milan and Naples |
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How vulnerable to Spain was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile had become joint monarchs in 1479, their marriage giving Spain an 'international existence' - its armies were soon to command europe-wide respect - the monarchs wanted to drive the Moors (Muslims) out of Granada in south spain, starting the conquest in 1482 - wanted to secure northern border by retaking territories of Cerdagne and Roussillon (seized by French in 1462) and by capturing French-supported territory of Navarre - Ferdinand had an inherited claim to Naples - all 3 foreign policy objectives created potential conflict with France, but not England |
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How vulnerable to Italy was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- didn't exist as a country, but as a number of wealthy and competing states, the principal ones being Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples and the Papal States - was crucial political target, being weak and divided, geographically and commercially at the 'crossroads' of Europe, being also very wealthy and experiencing the cultural revolution of the Renaissance - France and the Habsburg empire had dynastic claims in Italy that they wished to pursue |
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How vulnerable to Ireland was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- by 1461, English rule in Ireland was limited to the Pale, a small strip of land along the east coast - rest governed by independent chiefs, greatest of whom were the Fitzgeralds of Kildare - Ireland provided a springboard for invasion attempts - had deeply held Yorkist sympathies |
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How vulnerable to Scotland was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- nation of around 400,000, with annual Crown income of only around £8000 - king utterly reliant on co-operation of the nobility and vulnerable to violent usurpations - vast and rugged countryside made conquests impossible and invasions difficult - traditional alliance between Scots and French could expose England on two flanks simultaneously - threat of border raids necessitated two financially draining permanent garrisons in Berwick and Carlisle |
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How vulnerable to Burgundy was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- peculiar collection of towns and states rapidly created by 3 generations of dynastic matchmaking, diplomacy and war - principal trade and cloth-finishing centre for England - Edward IV's sister Margaret of Burgundy could act against England |
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How vulnerable to the Holy Roman Empire was England in late 15th century Europe? |
- a ramshackle collection of states - HRE much of central europe with around 20 million people - the emperor (Frederick III 1488-93, then Maximilian 1493-1519) was a force to reckoned with - large and strong, with claims and ambitions in Italy - acquired Burgundy when Maximilian married Mary of Burgundy in 1477 |
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Describe the Lovel and Stafford rising: |
- Lord Francis Lovel, one of Richard III's main supporters and the Stafford brothers (who also fought for Richard at Bosworth) were leaders - all 3 claimed sanctuary at Colchester Abbey in 1485 after Bosworth (everyone got sanctuary for 40 days, protected from king) - Lovel hatches plan to ambush Henry whilst he's on 'progress' to York (public relations exercise) and Staffords go to Worcester to start rebellion - Henry heard of the 3 breaking sanctuary while he was in Lincoln in April 1486 and continued with his progress, but sends an army with a deal for the rebels: surrender and be pardoned/reconciliation OR fight, lose, excommunication (expel from church) and death - rebels disperse, Lovel flees to Flanders (under control of Burgundy) and Staffords seek sanctuary again REBELLION WAS IN APRIL 1486 |
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What was Henry's reaction to the Lovel and Stafford rising? |
- drags Staffords out of sanctuary as he thought it unreasonable for declared traitors to b allowed it a second time - executes Humphrey, pardons Thomas who remains loyal but given a huge financial bond (fine for disloyalty, lost land and needed others to guarantee his loyalty by helping him pay fine if he rebelled again - meant they would keep him quiet or they were fined) - Henry lenient to common rebels to secure their loyalty in future by showing mercy and clemency, seen as peaceful king, upholder of justice and order - royal progress of North continues to spread Henry's authority and legitimacy, produced required reaction of loyalty and obedience,no crisis - as if to put seal on success, Elizabeth gives birth to healthy son at Winchester, England's ancient capital - baby christened Arthur - gives dynasty air of permanence - god smiling on house of tudor |
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Evaluation of the Lovel and Stafford rising: |
- Henry passes first test well and seen a fair, peaceful king who pardons commoners - more difficult for later rebellions - blessed by God with son Arthur which gives his reign greater legitimacy and permanence, creating Yorkist/Lancastrian heir - not perfect - Lovel runs away to cause more trouble with Simnel and Battle of Stoke; Margaret of B continues to hold grudge and will harbour Yorkist fugitives (dangerous foreign enemy); Henry bypassed Sanctuary law when it suits him - seen as law-bender rather than law-breaker - NO REAL THREAT TO THRONE 2/10 - PRETTY WELL DEALT WITH 8/10 - 1486 could be seen to make him look a stronger king: successful progress vs weak rebellion |
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Describe Lambert Simnel's conspiracy and rebellion 1486-7: |
winter 1486: rumours circulating that Earl of Warwick was dead as he hadn't been seen for a while - Richard Symonds, an Oxford priest, passed Simnel (10 year old son of an organ maker) as first Richard Duke of York (prince in tower), then Warwick after the rumours - Symonds took Simnel to Ireland, a centre of Yorkist support, where the Lord Lieutenant Earl of Kildare and other Irish leaders readily proclaimed him King in Dublin - Simnel was also supported by Edward IV's sister Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Burgundy who took any opportunity to strike at Henry; she sent money and 2000 german mercenaries - Simnel's support led to them crowning him King Edward VI in Dublin in May 1487 |
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What was Henry's reaction to Lambert Simnel's conspiracy and rebellion 1486-7? |
- despite beginning in autumn 1486, Henry was unaware of the conspiracy until new year 1487 - he exhibited the real Earl of Warwick in London |
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How was the situation with Lambert Simnel's conspiracy and rebellion made more serious in early 1487? |
- Earl of Lincoln suddenly fled to join Lord Lovel in Flanders at the court of his aunt, Margaret of Burgundy - Lincoln them accompanied Lovel and Schwartz (captain of german mercenaries) to Ireland in May 1487 - Lincoln likely to have been involved from an early stage - knew Simnel was a pretender but probably wanted to put forward his own claim when the time was right |
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Evaluation of Lambert Simnel's conspiracy and rebellion: |
- not dealt with brilliantly as unaware of the conspiracy until too late really and let key nobles (Lincoln) escape to cause trouble - no truly serious threat posed as of yet but great potential - perhaps with sooner action could have prevented Battle of Stoke |
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Describe the events of the Battle of Stoke 1487: |
4th June 1487: Lincoln and army land in Lancashire and march across pennines, turning south - receives less support than expected as people weary of civil strife - Henry prepared and two armies meet just outside Newark, at East Stoke, on 16th June 1487 - Lincoln had 8000, Henry 12,000 - Yorkists defeated: Lincoln, Schwartz, Kildare's younger brother Thomas and half of army killed (likely Lovel also) - Simnel and Symonds captured; Symonds sentenced to life imprisonment in a bishop's prison; Simnel allowed to be turnspit (and later falconer) in royal kitchen as recognised he was just a pawn |
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What was Henry's reaction to the Battle of Stoke 1487? |
- Simnel and Symonds captured - Symonds sentenced to life imprisonment in a bishop's prison - Simnel allowed to be turnspit (and later falconer as reward for good service) in royal kitchen as recognised he was just a pawn - attainted 28 nobles who fought against him in November-December 1487 parliament, also confiscating lands - 25th November 1487: Elizabeth (wife and mother of heir) crowned queen |
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Evaluation of Battle of Stoke 1487: |
+ Henry again looks strong yet merciful and peaceful; shows mercy to Simnel as real ringleaders are dead; attaints 28 nobles to deter future rebellions and look strong + Henry successful and victorious - never again faced an army composed of his own subjects on english soil + doesn't become Richard III and have 2nd Bosworth in which he loses + by crowning Elizabeth Queen he can unite the nation and 2 houses formally, win favour of the people and satisfy Yorkists - Margaret of B can still cause trouble (Irish and Yorkists also potentially) - shows how Henry's grasp of the Crown is fragile and country still unsettled - ridiculous scheme almost successful MAJOR THREAT TO THRONE 9/10 but victorious, retains image and can successfully deal with threats HOW WELL DEALT WITH 7/10 |
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Describe the Yorkshire Rebellion 1489: |
- Henry planned to go to the aid of Brittany and the Parliament of 1489 granted him a subsidy (grant of money made to the king by parliament for a specific purpose) of £100,000 to pay for it - tax caused widespread resentment as it was raised in a new way, not with fixed rates as for the last century but as a sort of income tax - demand particularly badly received in Yorkshire which was suffering the after-effects of a bad harvest - people resented that counties North of them were exempt from the tax because they were expected to defend the country from the scots - Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, put their case to the King but Henry refused to negotiate and upon returning North with the news the Earl was murdered by the rebels |
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What was Henry's reaction to the Yorkshire Rebellion 1489? |
- Earl of Surrey defeated rebels outside York - Henry travelled North to issue a pardon to most prisoners as a gesture of conciliation - Henry appointed earl of Surrey as his Lieutenant in the area has he had no vested interest in the north and had guaranteed loyalty as the restoration of his estates in East Anglia depended on his success there |
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Evaluation of Yorkshire Rebellion 1489: |
THREAT 4/10 HOW WELL DEALT WITH 6/10 - failed to collect all tax, only £27,000 - little danger to throne but alarming Earl was killed and henry had little support from some areas - dealt with fairly well as rebels defeated and mercy again shown but tax collection failed |
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Describe Perkin Warbeck's conspiracy 1491-95: |
- autumn 1491 17y/o Warbeck arrives in Cork from Tournai, France on ship of his master, a Breton merchant, claiming to be Richard duke of York - Charless VIII of France welcomed him at French court and by summer 1492 around 100 yorkists had joined him in Paris; Treaty of Étaples meant he had to find a new refuge so fled to Flanders (M of Burgundy) and welcomed as nephew - M didn't believe claim but would support any Yorkist to dislodge Henry; worried H so much he temporarily broke off trade with Flanders in 1493 despite jeopardising english cloth trade - recognised as Richard IV in 1494 by Maximilian, HRE, but Max didn't have the money to finance an invasion - H executed Sir William Stanley (his step-uncle) in 1495 (was chamberlain and trusted servant) for his part in a conspiracy of treason along with his steward, Lord Fitzwalter; also passes a number of attainders in parliament 1495 |
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Describe Perkin Warbeck's conspiracy 1495-98: |
- Warbeck attempts to land in Deal, kent 1495 but fails - goes to Ireland but fails to lay siege to Waterford so goes to scotland - James IV of Scotland supports him, giving him his cousin in marriage and an annual pension of £1200 - scottish invasion of England a disaster, James didn't take advantage of cornwall to attack - 7 year truce of Ayton agreed - goes to Ireland in July 1497 but Kildare temporarily loyal to H so sails for SW England, hoping for support from traditionally rebellious area - lands in devon, driven out of exeter and only a few thousand joined him - abandons followers and flees to sanctuary of Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire - august 1497 gives himself up and confesses - allowed to remain at court with bride but foolishly escapes 1498 - recaptured, publicly humiliated in stocks twice and imprisoned in tower (wife remains at court and becomes lady-in-waiting to queen |
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Describe the circumstances of Warbeck and Warwick's death: |
- both accused of entering into plot to escape the tower and murder henry - could have been victims of H's agent manipulating them into conceiving a plot or Warbeck persuading a weary (of imprisonment) Warwick into a conspiracy - H's patience with Warbeck up after 8 years of anxiety and expense - 1499 warbeck charged with trying to escape again and hanged - Earl of Warwick found guilty of treason and executed a week later - not dangerous himself but there for others to manipulate - likely pressure from spain made henry act this way (ferdinand and isabella wanted daughter catherine to marry into a stable country) |
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Evaluation of Henry's actions towards Warbeck (and Warwick): |
THREAT 6/10 HOW WELL DEALT WITH 7/10 - fairly slow to properly react - goes on for 8 years - still fairly lenient: warlock given a 2nd chance at court, saves wife and never executes Warbeck's followers - harsh to execute Warwick but wise and cautious to protect from further upsets - perhaps seen as harsh to execute Warbeck but expected and appears FIRM to deter other pretenders and appear strong king with dignity - manages treaty with scotland - please spain by stabilising country so secures powerful alliance - no battles necessary, no serious threat - trade break off with Flanders in 1493 risky to cloth trade - lucky Maximilian could finance Warbeck - still has many enemies or potential troublemakers e.g. Burgundy, HRE, France |
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Describe Cornwall Rebellion 1497: |
- another request for money from parliament that ignited cornish rebellion - jan 1497 parliament voted for heavy tax to finance an expedition north to resist expected invasion by James IV of scotland with warbeck - cornish traditionally independent minded and refused to contribute to defence of north of kingdom - may - rebels set out from Bodmin and marched through western counties acquiring only leader of significance impoverished lord audley at wells - 16th june, 15,000 strong, meet royal army on outskirts of london at blackheath, commanded by Lord Daubery and Sir Rhys ap Thomas - 1000 rebels killed, rest fled |
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What was Henry's reaction to the Cornwall Rebellion 1497? |
executed Audley (only leader of significance) and also two original leaders |
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Evaluation of Cornwall rebellion 1497: |
- worrying and embarrassing rebels got so far without opposition - not defended well enough? - not responded to early as attention towards Scotland and Warbeck not independent rebellion unconnected with Yorkists - again only executes leaders - fair and merciful - learns he can't afford a serious campaign against scotland so attempts to come to terms with James THREAT 5/10 HOW WELL DEALT WITH 3/10 |
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Describe the Duke of Suffolk's conspiracy 1499-1506: |
- after Warwick died the chief Yorkist claimant to the throne Edmund de la Pole, Earl of suffolk, brother of rebellious Earl of Lincoln who died at Stoke - Suffolk appeared reconciled to henry's rule but there was underlying tension because H refused to allow him to inherit his father's dukedom - july 1499 Suffolk suddenly flees to Guîsnes, near calais - H persuades him to return until 1501 when he again fled with brother Richard to maximilian - old remaining Yorkist support gathers in flanders - H acts ruthlessly revealing how insecure he felt, imprisoning suffolk's relations in England and attainting 51 men in jan 1504 parliament retained by or connected with the earl - largest number in whole reign - famous victim James Tyrell, once constable of tower and governor of Guîsnes where suffolk sought refuge - before he was executed tyrell conveniently confessed to murdering princes in tower to discourage further imposters |
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How did Henry end Yorkist threats 1499-1506? |
- H determined to pursue and destroy suffolk but couldn't while he was on the continent - H's luck changed in 1506 when a storm caused Philip of Burgundy and his wife to take refuge in England - H persuaded Philip to surrender suffolk and philip agreed on condition the earl's life would be spared - suffolk remained in tower until his execution by Henry VIII in 1513 - meanwhile his brother Richard de la Pole remained at large in europe trying in vain to muster support for his claim to the english throne but few yorkists remained and H was a strong and just king to those who were loyal - Yorkist threat died with Richard when he was killed in 1525 |
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Evaluation of Henry's actions towards Suffolk: |
THREAT 4/10 HOW WELL DEALT WITH 8/10 - perhaps too harsh with suffolk's supporters and may also be showing fear and anxiety - but shows authority and takes no chances - establishes princes in tower are dead which prevents any more pretenders and threats - gives suffolk 2nd chance so shows fairness and leniency but a bit foolish?? - lets suffolk get away and brother who is still at large for years - gets lucky with burgundy and storm - most yorkists now defeated - seen as just and fair as long as you remain loyal - burgundy and maximilian a potential future problem |
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What are the 5 different ways of evaluating threats? |
- how dangerous was the threat - how well was the threat dealt with - what was the nature of the threat - what was the significance of the threat - themes and patterns between different threats |
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What type of threat was the Lovel and Stafford rising and what themes and patterns did it have with other threats to Henry? |
- disorganised - political threat like Suffolk, but more disorganised than Simnel - organisation like Warbeck and claims sanctuary like him |
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What type of threat was Lambert Simnel and the Battle of Stoke and what themes and patterns did it have with other threats to Henry? |
- organised - pretender like Warbeck but just a puppet - only one to engage Henry in battle like Bosworth - spared like Suffolk though willingly |
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What type of threat was the Yorkshire Rebellion and what themes and patterns did it have with other threats to Henry? |
- economic - economic like Cornwall, caused by raising taxes |
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What type of threat was Perkin Warbeck and what themes and patterns did it have with other threats to Henry? |
- foreign - pretender like Simnel but older and more active - NOT SPARED LIKE SIMNEL - disorganised like Lovel and Stafford - escapes and recaptured like Suffolk - support from Burgundy and Maximilian (HRE) like Suffolk |
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What type of threat was the Cornwall Rebellion and what themes and patterns did it have with other threats to Henry? |
- violent threat to stability - economic, same mistake as Yorkshire - lets it get too far like Simnel - commoners again spared |
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What type of threat was the Duke of Suffolk (Edmund De La Pole) and what themes and patterns did it have with other threats to Henry? |
- political - political like Lovel and Stafford - both were Yorkists and Richard's supporters - spared by Henry (unwillingly perhaps) like Simnel - escapes and causes trouble like Lovel did - supported by Maximilian (HRE) like Warbeck |
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What are the two overall patterns and trends in all of the challenges to Henry VII's throne? |
- Henry is merciful and fair with all but Warbeck (and Earl of Warwick) - apart from the local rebellions (Yorkshire and Cornwall), all received help from the Burgundys |
