History Chapter 12: Europe In The Middle Ages

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merovingians

Back 1

kingdoms of france after the death of clovis that were wracked often with civil war; based administration on the city and the surrounding territory over which a count presided; mayor of palace supervised legal, financial, and household officials; king over all

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carolingians

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era after the merovingians in which missionaries were active; charlemagne as ruler; division of land into counties; time of renaissance and assemblies of learned men from all over europe; schools established

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battle of tours

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battle in which charles martel defeated muslim invaders in central france; this halted muslim expansion in europe

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mayors of the palace

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government official that supervised legal, financial, and household officials and ruled in the absence of the king

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charlemagne

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holy roman emperor whose government represented a fusion of frankish practices and christian ideals; stimulated scholarship that led to the carolingian renaissance; divided the land into counties

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carolingian collapse

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after the death of charlemagne, his son louis divided the empire; his sons fought among themselves b/c of dissatisfaction with their portions; treaty of verdun divided the empire; power of nobles grew and imperial power declined

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feudalism

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increase in the power of local counts that independently governed territories in which distant kings could not interfere

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manorialism

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economic power of the warrior class rested on landed estates on which peasants, or serfs, worked in return for protection

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vikings

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barbarians that were superb seaman with advanced methods of boatbuilding; attacked and sailed off laden with goods; later returned to colonize these conquered areas

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magyars

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barbarians from asia who were thought of as returning huns; subdued northern italy; attacked isolated villages and monasteries; sold prisoners; sole objective was booty and plunder

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moors

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barbarians who were known as north african pirates; the goal was plunder; rome sacked in 846; expert seamen

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normandy

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territory of norsemanland from whence the vikings originated; gradually emerged as the strongest territory with the greatest level of peace; assimilation with france

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hugh capet

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head of a powerful clan of the west frankish kingdom that was elected by a group of nobles as king

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alfred the great

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king of the west saxons whose victory over guthrun the dane at edington inaugurated a great political revival; built a system of local defense and extended royal rule beyond wessex until law replaced custom; laid foundation for a system of local government responsilbe directly to the king

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otto I

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german king that inflicted a crushing defeat on the magyars that halted their westward expansion, ending the threat to germany; revived the german monarchy; basis of power was an alliance with and control of the church; asserted the right to control church appointments; led to lay investiture

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abbey of cluney

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monstery in burgundy that adhered to very high standards of religious behavior and stressed strict observance of the rule of saint benedict; came to stand for clerical celibacy and the suppression of simony (sale of church offices); represented religious and political stability

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cistercians

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religous order that combined a very simple liturgical life, a radical rejection of the traditional feudal sources of income, and many innovative economic practices

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pope leo IX

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pope who made serious efforts at papal reform; traveled widely to hold councils that issued decrees against violence, simony, and clerical marriage

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lay investiture controversy

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council decree against lay investiture; clerics who accepted investiture were to be deposed; laymen to invested were excommunicated; immediate protestations; henry iv withdrew allegiance and was excommunicated; traveled to ask forgiveness; compromise that bishops chose by clergy in presence of emperor

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excommunication

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being cut off from the sacraments and the christian community by the pope

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the crusades: causes/origins

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holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy land from the muslims; grew from the long conflict between christians and muslims in spain; many knights joined for the coveted reputations

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reconquista

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sacred and patriotic crusade to wrest spain from "alien" muslim hands

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norman england

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william the conqueror become king of england; systematic survey of entire country to determine distribution of wealth; knights over every village that become the aristocracy; modern english developed from a mix of french and english; feudalism

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domesday book

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records collected from the entire country of england that williams used to govern the country

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common law/henry II

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england developed a law accepted by the whole country; circuit judges to hear civil and criminal cases; king gained jurisdiction over all disputes; when no specific evidence, trial by water

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magna carta/john

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forced to attach his seal to the "great charter"; cornerstone of english justice and law; all must obey the law; due process of law; fair, speedy trial

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norman sicily

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impact of a non-christian society on europe; no vassal could hold a centralized power base; inquest of royal property and rights; forbade private warfare; diplomatic ties with egypt

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growth of towns

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merchants and artisans moved to towns and cities and became wealthy; merchant guilds became popular; towns used as marketplaces; often crowded; little town planning; place to seek wealth and fame

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merchant guilds

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joining together of those who engaged in foreign trade; united enterprise provided them with greater security and less risk of losses than did individual action

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urban conditions

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marketplace; merchant's residence as place of production and sale; stories build on to accomodate expansion; little town planning; streets full of waste and dung; lack of space; air pollution; sanitation problems

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hanseatic league

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german mercantile association of towns formed to achieve mutual security and exclusive trading rights

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peter abelard

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scholar drawn to paris who used a method of systematic doubting in his writing and teaching; fascinated by logic and used it to solve most problems; discussed and analyzed theological principles

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thomas aquinas

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professor at paris; authored the summa theologica; dealt with vast theological issues; important distinction between faith and reason; faith and reason do not contradict, although faith can seldom be proven; knowledge of and union with God end of faith and reason

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summa theologica

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work by thomas aquinas that dealt with a vast number of theological questions; later became the fundamental text of roman catholic doctrine

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scholasticism

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method used to arrive at definitive answers and to provide a rational explanation for what was believed on faith; thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question

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gothic architecture/style

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new architectural style mistakenly believed to have been invented by the goths in the 5th century; basic features of pointed arch, ribbed vault, and flying buttress allowed unprecedented interior lightness

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serfdom

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lacked freedom and subject to arbitrary will of a lord; required to perform labor services on land of lord; paid levies and taxes; tied to the land and was a hereditary condition

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nobility

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special legal status; free and limited only byt military obligation to king; raised troops and commanded them; held courts and sometimes coined money; professional fighter; great power over serfs and peasants

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monasticism

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finest aspirations of medieval civilization; educated elite drawn into administrative service; rule of saint benedict used; participated in every aspect of society and culture

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pope boniface VIII

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pope who argued from precedent that kings should gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy; forbade churchmen to pay the taxes; churchmen denied protection of law by kings and this pope backed down; arrest of a french bishop led to protestation; bitter propaganda war; arrest of this pope

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joan of arc

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french peasant girl who heard voices and subsequently revived the french troops who then won the war; she was arrested, charged with witchcraft, and burned at the stake

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hundred years war

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struggle between english and french monarchies that represented a major political crisis; presented unusual opportunites for wealth; caused by edward refusing to pay homage to philip; ultimate french success

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great schism

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riots for an italian pope; urban elected; church reforms/clerical luxury abolished; cardinals defected to avignon, statement of error, clement as pope; multiple popes; franch recognized clement, england urban; councils of pisa and constance to elect one pope, martin

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jacquerie

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massive uprising by the frustrated french peasantry in revolt of heavy taxation

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babylonian captivity

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period in church history in which philip the fair of france pressured clement V to settle in avignon

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black death

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pandemic diseas with origins in china that spread rapidly throughout the crowded cities of europe; transmitted through a flea bite; death almost certain, no cure