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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erasmus Darwin
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Charles Darwin's grandfather
Proposed an early theory of evolution |
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Jean Lamark
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Environmental changes are responsible for trait changes
Inheritance of acquired characteristics through genetics |
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Catastrophism
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The view that a catastrophe radically changed the world in a relatively short amount of time
(as opposed to Uniformitarianism) |
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Uniformitarianism
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The view that the world gradually changed uniformly; gradually
(as opposed to Catastrophism) |
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Physiography
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Being able to tell about a person's character by his posture/facial features/etc.
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Thomas Malthus
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His view on population growth: food supply increases arithmetically and population increases geometrically
The balance is war, disease, starvation Survival of the Fittest |
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Charles Darwin
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Natural selection (fitness)
Was first to make evolutionary theory famous with his book "On the Origin of Species" |
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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Was working on a theory of evolution; prompted Darwin to release his ideas to the public
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Thomas Henry Huxley
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"Darwin's Bulldog"
Defender of Darwinism |
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Herbert Spencer
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Social Darwinism (a company that is going out of business should not be bailed out)
Evolution is purposeful |
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Spencer-Bain principle
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Evolutionary associationism- Associations which had positive consequences were likely to be learned and passed on to future generations
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George John Romanes
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Father of Comparative Psychology
Animal Intelligence Anecdotal method- "the fox and the grapes" story |
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C. Lloyd Morgan
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Lloyd Morgan's Canon- we have too many non-parsimonious theories
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Douglas Spalding
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Experimental study of instinct, imprinting (ex. ducks following their mother), and critical periods (a time in infancy when the species learns)
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Konrad Lorenz
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Imprinting- he got ducks to follow him around
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Francis Galton
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Intelligence is hereditary
First to use questionnaires Regression to the mean |
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Eugenics
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The applied science which advocates the practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population
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Faculty psychology
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Innate faculties of the mind
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William James
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Precursor to functionalism
Use what works best to study phenomena Stream of consciousness Theories of self |
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James-Lange theory of emotion
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Ex: See bear, feel physiological response first, then run away/feel fear
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Theories of self
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Me = empirical, self concept (tall, blond hair, etc)
I = Self awareness Me-> Material-self (what you own), Social-self (social life), Spiritual-self (consciousness) |
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G. Stanley Hall
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First American Psychological laboratory (Johns Hopkins)
"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"- developing from embryo to adult, animals go through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of their remote ancestors |
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Edward Bradford Titchener
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Structuralism- Defining the mind in it's most basic elements
Sensations-> quality, intensity, duration, clearness |
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John Dewey
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Founder of Functionalism- studying the function/purpose
Stream of behavior Progressive education- student oriented, not subject oriented |
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James R. Angell
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Mental processes mediate between needs of organism and environment
Mind and body cannot be separated |
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Harvey Carr
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The adaptive act
-The drive (motive as stimulus for behavior) -The situation (environmental setting) -Drive reduction (response that satisfies motive) |
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Edward Lee Thorndike
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Learning is incremental and automatic
Connectionism- The probability of showing a behavior lies in how strong the connection between the stimulus and the response Law of exercise... Law of use- the more an association is used, the stronger it becomes Law of disuse- the longer an association is unused, the weaker it becomes |
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Robert Sessions Woodworth
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motivology- study of motive or drives of organism
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James McKeen Cattell
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Coined term "mental test"
Had 10 tests thought to be correlated with intelligence |
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Alfred Binet
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Worked with Theordore Simon to come up with a test to determine intelligence to sort out intellectually disabled children
Binet-Simon scale of intelligence Everyone could grow intellectually |
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Individual psychology
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getting at mental processes without studying senses
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William Stern
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Introduced "mental age"
Divide mental age by chronological age yields mental quotient |
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Lewis Terman
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Suggested multiplying mental quotient by 100, gives modern day IQ score
Renamed the Binet-Simon scale to Stanford-Binet |
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Henry H. Goddard
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"The Kallikak Family"- a man has children with a feeble-minded barmaid and with an upscale quaker woman
The linage from the two different mothers showed very big contrasts (good kids came from the upscale woman) |
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Leta Stetter Hollingworth
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Challenged:
Functional Periodicity- women are not impaired while menstruating Inheritance of intelligence- she believed it was more environment |
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Robert Yerkes
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Mental testing in the army
Army Alpha (literate) and Beta (illiterate) tests Yerkes-Dodson Law- Task difficulty and level of arousal needed to perform optimally |
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Hugo Münsterberg
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Positivistic
Ideomotor behavior- ideas result from doing behaviors, they are simply byproducts |
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Walter Dill Scott
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Studied advertising
Developed tests for employee selection |
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Lillian Gilbreth
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Ergonomics- designing things (ex. machines) to work well for human users
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Emil Kraepelin
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Classification of mental disorders
Precursor to the DSM-IV |
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Lightner Witmer
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Father of clinical psychology
First psychological clinic |
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Gestalt Psychology
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"The whole is different than the sum of its parts"
Molar approach (relatively big), phenomenology (explains events as they occur), holism |
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Immanuel Kant
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Our minds change sensations making perception different than elemental sensations; it is not a one-to-one correspondence
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Ernst Mach
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Space form and time form; the two are independent of their elements:
o vs. O, both are perceived as a circle despite their size |
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Cofounders of Gestalt psychology
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Max Wertheimer
Kurt Koffka Wolfgang Köhler |
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Phi phenomenon
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Examples:
-Lights are perceived to be moving on a Las Vegas sign, when in reality they are just cutting on/off in a pattern -Flip books |
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Max Wertheimer
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Had insight on train leading to the creation of Gestalt
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Wolfgang Köhler
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Sultan the ape
Worked with apes for problem solving |
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Psychophysical Isomorphism
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Perceptual fields caused by underlying brain field activity
Analogy of actual U.S. and map of U.S. |
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Law of Prägnanz
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we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetric, and simple
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Figure-Ground
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Figure more "thing-like", dominant, closer, lighter
Ground more "substance-like", homogeneous, dimmer, behind figure |
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Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization
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Law of closure
Law of similarity Law of proximity/nearness Law of continuity/good continuation Law of common fate Law of common region Law of connectedness/uniform connectedness Law of symmetry Law of Prägnanz Law of good figures Law of simplicity |
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Köhler's Insight Learning
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Learning is not incremental
4 Characteristics -Transition from presolution to solution sudden and complete (the "aha!" moment) -Behavioral performance based on insight smooth & error-free -Retained for long periods of time -Principle gained from insight generalized to other problems |
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Transposition
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The chicken example: peck the white sheet vs. the grey sheet, then when switched, peck the grey sheet vs. the black sheet
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Productive thinking
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Intrinsic reinforcement for learning
Seeing patterns (problem solving) |
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Kurt Lewin
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Introduced life space- psychological field incorporating all forces at a given time:
-Lewin's eggs -B = f(P,E) -topology -Foreign hull |
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B = f(P,E)
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Behavior is the function of our personality and environment
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Conflict theory
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approach-approach conflict - two goals, both positive, easiest to solve
approach-avoidance conflict - one goal, positive but spikes to negative, hardest to solve (telephone example) avoidance-avoidance conflict - two goals, both negative, hard to solve |
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Zeigarnik effect
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Interrupted tasks better remembered than noninterrupted tasks
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Group dynamics
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Authoritarian
Democratic Laissez-faire |
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Von Restorff effect
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any stimulus that stands out is remembered better
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Karl Duncker
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Creative problem solving
Functional fixedness (18 wheeler example... flatten tires) |
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. When levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases
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two universities for functionalism
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Chicago and Columbia
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The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology
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Dewey
he does not deny the existence of stimulus, sensation, and response, he disagreed that they were separate |
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S-O-R Psychology
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Stimulus-Organism-Response
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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The first woman in the field of Psychology to receive a Ph.D.
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Francis Sumner
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The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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