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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Progressivism (1890-1916) |
Reform movement that advocated government activism to mitigate the problems created by urban industrialism. -not radical but reform current system Paradoxes: -diverse coalition of individuals and interests -grass roots->presidency -social justice->social control -greater democracy->elitism |
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Social Purity |
During progressivism reformers founded -settlement houses -professed new Christian gospel -campaigned against vice and crime -end child labor -end sweatshops |
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Settlement House Movement (1886) |
Began in England. Opening of University Settlement house in NYC. Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, formed backbone.
Settlement house women created social work. |
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Social Gospel |
Not to reform just individuals but society
Contested Social Darwanism |
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Social Purity Movement |
Attacked Vice -Prostitution -STDS -Alcohol (anti-saloon league/temperance movement)/Nativism |
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Women's Trade Union League (1903) |
Women workers and middle-class allies came together to organize workingwomen into unions under the American Federation of Labor.
Uprising of twenty thousand (1909)-hundreds of women striked to protest low wages, poor working conditions, union recognition
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Muller v. Oregon (1908) |
Reversed previous rulings and upheld Oregon law that limited to ten the hours women could work in a day. |
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Municipal Housekeeping |
Encouraged women to put their talents to work in the service of society |
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Reform Darwanism |
Condemned laissez-faire approach insisting liberal state play more of an active role |
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Scientific Management |
System of organizing work by Taylor in late 19th century which increased efficiency and productivity by breaking tasks into component parts and training workers for specific tasks. |
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Thomas Loftin Johnson |
Democrat in Cleveland who bought out streetcars to reduce fare to 3 cents and fought for lower taces. |
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Robert M. LaFollette |
-Converted to progressive cause in early 1900s -Wisconsin Governor and Senator
Lowered railroad rates, raised railroad taxes, improved education, preached conservation, established factory regulation and worker's compensation, instituted first direct primary in country, inaugurated first state income tax |
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Teddy Roosevelt |
McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt turned the whitehouse into a bully pullpit.
-First act broke up northern securities -Government counted itself as an independent force in business and labor disputes (anthracite coal strike) -Gave ICC power to set rates and determine price of goods or services |
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Square Deal |
Rooselvelt's campaign slogan in 1904 election. |
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Hepburn Act (1906) |
-Increase power of ICC gave them power to set rates subject to court review -La Follette judged the law a defeat for reform -Conservatives branded it Piece of Populism -Gave courts too much power Landmark federal control over private businesses |
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Mukraking |
Journalism as a weapon for social reform
Upton Sinclair's the Jungle (1906) led to Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act |
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Roosevelt and Conservatism |
More than quadrupled number of acres of forestland preserved by the government
Chief forester Gifford Pinchot
John Muir-preservationaist
Antiquities Act (1906) gave president unchecked power to protect certain areas |
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Big Stick |
-Relied on executive power to pursue vigorous foreign policy -Relied on military strength and diplomacy -Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (1904) would not intervene in Latin America; made US policemen of Western Hemisphere -Open door in Asia -nobel peace prize |
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Taft |
Believed it was up to the courts not the president to arbitrate social issues
Relied on Conservativees
Reversed conservatism
dollar diplomacies; championed commercial goals |
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Democrats (1910) |
Captured House and worked with Progressive republicans in senate to regulate mine and railroad safety, create Children's Bureau in dep. of labor, and to establish an eight hour day for federal workers. 16th amendment: provided for modest graduated income tax 17th: direct election of senators |
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Elections of 1912 |
Roosevelt ran Progressive. Republicans were split between progressive and republican. Dems won. -Roosevelt: The new Nationalism-federal planning and regulation -Wilson: The new Freedom: Limited gov. and state rights. Antitrust to end big corps. Small businesses better chance |
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Wilson's Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts |
Lent support to Dems. and Progressives -Underwood Tariff-lowered rates by 15% -Moderate federal income tax -Panic of 1907 (failure of banking system) -Supported Clayton Act but changed positions and supported Federal Trade Commission -worked to regulate not break up big businesses |
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Federal Reserves Act (1913) |
-Established National banking system composed of 12 regional banks privately controlled but regulated and supervised by Federal Reserve Board appointed by pres. -Gave U.S 1st efficient banking and currency system -Did not attempt to take control of boom and bust cycle
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Wilson, Reluctant Progressive |
-Reluctant to support social reforms -Election of 1914 gave Republicans gains -Enacted reforms Keating-Owen child labor law (1916) outlawed regular employment of children under 16 -Left women and blacks behind |
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Socialist party (1900) |
-Middle class and native-born like progressives -Believed other parties still focused on capitalism and weren't truly democratic Debs |
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Industrial Workers of the World (1905) |
Believed in one big union Debs |
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Margaret Sanger |
-Nurse who worked NYC's lower East side -Coined birth control in 1915 -Promoted birth control as movement for coail change -Woman Rebel -Opened first clinic
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Woman's suffrage |
-Mass march on Wilson's inauguration -National American Woman Suffrage Association -Paul founded militant National Woman's party |
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Racism |
Progressivism in W. & S. was tainted with racism -sought to limit rights of blacks and asians -renewal of chinese exclusion act in 1902 -Hiram Johnson caved in 1913 and signed Alien Land law (not effective) -in S. preached disfranchisement of black voters -poll taxes and literacy tests -rise of jim crow laws for segregation (railroads) |
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Booker T. Washington |
Atlanta Compromise: 1885 speech in Atlanta 1886 supreme court upheld legality of racial segregation affirming Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):separate but equal -Roosevelt invited Booker T. to WH -Wilson brought racial attitudes |
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NAACP (1909) |
-Du Bois founded Niagra movement calling for universal ale suffrage, civil rights, and leadership composed of a black intellectual elite -Coalition of blacks and whites
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Wilson |
-Rise in Militarism, Nationalism, and violence -Economy had us expanding outward -Believed U.S had duty to national self-determination; peaceful free trade & political democracy |
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Taming Americas |
-Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy were crude flexing of military and economy -Appointed Bryan, pacifist, as secretary of state -Brought democracy to south america through Monroe Doctrine -Didn't recognize Mexico's new gov. |
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European Crisis |
New Rivalries: -Italy and Germany one nation -Russia wanted to create Pan-Slavic union Germany Kaiser Wilhelm 2 meant to challenge great Britain by creating 1. industrial muscle at home 2. empire abroad 3. mighty navy
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European Crisis alliances (1914) |
-Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy (triple alliance) vs. -Great Britain, France, Russia (The allies) -June 28, 1914 a Bosnian Serb assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand (austria-hungary heir) -July 18, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia -Russia backed Serb |
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Sequence of events (1914) |
-June 28 a Bosnian Serb assass. Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary heir) -July 18 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serb -Russia Backed Serbia -Aug 3 Germany attacked Russia and France -Aug 4 GB declares war on Germany -Japan joined Germany |
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American Neautrality |
-america was neutral but Wilson believed they could trade with any other country -U.S economy had slipped into recession -Sympathies laid with GB |
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U-Boats |
German submarines sunk ships and U-Boats could not pick up survivors -May 7, 1915 uboat torpedoed British passenger liner Lusitania killing 1200. |
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Elections (1916) |
-Lansing Replaced Bryan -Wilson helped subside tensions and gained reelection |
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Entering War |
-by 1916 supplied 40% of allies war material -Gave loans to GB and France -1917 Germany continued unrestricted sub. warfare b/c of trade barriers
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Zimmermann Telegram |
-Feb. 1917 sent to german rep. in Mexico saying it would recognize s. U.S states as Mexico in the event of war -March 1917 German sub. sank 5 American Vessels -4/02 asked congress to declare war -4/06 congress declared war |
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Call to Arms |
-3 years of fighting depleted resources -Bolshevik rev. withdrew Russia -3/18/1917 Selective Service Act added 2.8mil draftees and 2 mil volunteers -no alc. or prostitution near training camps -Black Jack Pershing commanded AEF in France |
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War in France |
-AEF discovered war had become a stalemate of armies defensively dug into hundreds of miles of trenches -No man's land separated enemies -barbed wire, gas, machine guns -Battle of Somme; 1.1 mil lost -U.S saw almost no combat in 1917 (exception of black troops) |
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War in France continued |
-3/18 Russia pulled out with german treaty -May and June U.S pushed enemy back -november revolt against german gov. -11/11 armistice signed |
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Progessives |
-Labor shortages provided women with work -unionized workers gained higher pay and shorter hours -Wilson launched campaign to foster patriotism Administrations; War industries, food, railroad, fuel, shipping, war labor policies board -8 hour day, living minimum wage, bargaining rights -AFL doubled |
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18th amendment (12/1917) |
Prohibition, banned manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol Went into effect Jan. 1, 1920 |
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Women |
-Served in France -Labor opportunities at home -1918 Wilson supported suffrage -women's peace party (1915) |
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19th amendment (1919) |
-Granted women the vote -Ratified by 8/1920 |
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Patriotism |
-Committee on Public info. (1917) to suppress criticism of war headed by Creel Propaganda -universities (scholarship) -entertainment -Stopped teaching german |
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Treason |
Espionage Act (6/1917) Trading w/ enemy act (10/1917) Sedition Act (5/1918) gave gov. power to punish any disloyal opinion under guise of self defense -Dems opposed Wilson's conduct in war -1918 Rep. gained narrow majority in congress |
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Wilson's 14 points (1/8/1918) |
Blueprint for new democratic world order -first five: affirmed basic liberal ideas (end to secret treaties, freedom of seas, removal of economic barriers to free trade, reduction of weapons, recognition of colonized peoples -Next 8: supported rights to self-determination by Europeans dominated by Germans -14th: league of nation |
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Paris Peace Conference |
-Allies wanted to disarm Germany -French wanted retributions -GB wanted naval blockade -Germans felt betrayed after compromises -Austria-Hungary was broken into independent republics -Ottoman empire broken up in small mandates -rejected imperialism but allowed control |
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Versailles Treaty (june 28, 1919) |
-Lodge and many Rep. feared league of nations would take away independence -several amendments and ratifications gave power to congress in involvement in league -U.S never became member -Met in Geneva |
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Democracy at risk |
-progressives hoped war would boost reforms at home -many new jobs were lost (unemployed vets, stalled economy, leftover wartime patriotism) -anti-german became antiradicalism |
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Economy (hardship and labor upheaval) |
-Unemployment + postwar spending spree=inflation -1919 saw 3,600 strikes involving 4 mil. workers -seen as bolshevik effort for rev. -Seattle general strike -Boston Police strike -Steel strike of 1919 |
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Red Scare (1919) |
-Postwar recession, labor unrest, terrorist acts, millions of vets., events abroad -Spanish influenza (1918) -Russian Bolshevism (1918); soviet leaders created comintern, communist leaders pushing for rev. in capitalistic countries -Wallstreet Bombing |
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Red Scare cont. |
-Palmer led campaign hunting for domestic revs. -1/1920 a series of raids -Emma Goldman -Libraries banned books -Schools fired unorthodox teachers -Police shutdown newspapers -refusal to seat elected reps. w/ socialist ideas |
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Schenck v. U,S |
-pamphlet urging resistance to draft -upheld in 1920 -"fire" in a crowded theatre |
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American Civil Liberties Union (1920) |
-Created to defend the individual rights the constitution guaranteed. -anti radical crumbled after Palmer warned of violent rally that never came
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Blacks |
-In 1900 9/10 still lived in s. -WW1 allowed them to escape south -North turned to black labor -1915-1920 blacks migrated north -Threatened whites->race riots |
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Mexicans |
-Chinese exclusion and ww1 led western employers to hire mexicans (cheap labor) -1917 immigration reforms excluded mexico |
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1920 election |
Harding beat FDR in a landslide return to normalcy |
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New Era |
Sec. of commerce Hoover declared a "New Era": -Momentum away from gov. activism and toward private economic endeavor -Rise of free wheeling economy & heightened sense of individualism |
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Business Gov. |
-Rep. controlled white house 1921-1933 -Harding app. Hoover to sec. of commerce -Mellon app. sec. of treasury -Gave jobs to old Ohio friends Tension between national and individual interests -corruption (teapot dome)
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Measures to regain prosperity |
1920 unemployment 20% -High tariffs to protect American businesses -Price supports for agr. -Dismantling of wartime gov. control over industry in favor of unregulated private business -Harding died in 1923 |
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Calvin Coolidge |
Continued on Harding's path -Mellon reduced gov. control over economy and cut taxes for corps. and wealthy individuals -rules for DTC limited its power of regulation -Hoover encouraged trade associations Support of Court -Opposed federal interference in favor of states |
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Election of 1924 |
Confirmed defeat of progressive principle that gov. should have a role in welfare -Coolidge won in landslide |
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Five-Power treaty (1922) |
GB, France, Japan, Italy, and US to a proportional reduction of naval forces
celebrated involvement in peace w/o joining league of nations |
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Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) |
Sec. of State Kellogg joined with France to create a pact of 50 nations which pledges to renounce war and settle international disputes peacefully
peace rather than progressive uplifting war
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Dawes Olan (1924) |
Rep. admins preferred private-sector diplomacy over state actions
group of american financiers led by Dawes
halved Germany's annual reparation payments, initiated fresh American loans to Germ., caused French to retreat from Ruhr |
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Automobile Industry |
-Led by fed. gov's decision to spend more on roads than anything else -Henry Ford located his company in Detroit b/c of resources -employed 100,000's of workers directly -indirectly employed millions -1929 1/4 American employed in the industry -small towns decayed, -urban streetcars dissappeared |
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Mass production by Assembly-Line |
Became standard in almost every factory -reduced assembly-line work to most repetitive tasks -created specialized divisions (purchasing, production, marketing, relations) w/ managers
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Welfare Capitalism |
-Programs for workers -improvements in safety and sanitation -instituted paid vacations and pensions -Encouraged loyalty to company -Discourage labor unions -Employers became protectors |
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Consumer Culture |
-per capita income increased by 1/3 -cost of living stayed the same -unemployment remained low -created large wage gap -manufacturing of autos, radios, fridges, irons, washing machines produced consumer goods rev. |
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Consumer Culture Cont. |
-tech and organizational changes beyond comprehension many lost confidence in civic affairs -became passive consumers deferring to expertise of leaders in politics and economics -Rapidly expanding advertisements -Social and personal worth measured by material -Economic problem shifted from prod. to cons. |
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Possible Solutions to Economic problem of consumerism |
-Expand America's markets in foreign countries -Expand market at home -Mass prod. requires mass cons. -Ford doubled wages -Created more loyal and exploitable workers -Wages returned in profits
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Solution to Economic problem of consumerism |
Businesses introduced credit -Installment buying: a little money down, a payment each month -allowed people to purchase expensive items they could not otherwise afford or to purchase items before saving the necessary money Spend not save |
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Sigmund Frued (Roaring 20's) |
Misinterpretation of sexual origins of human behavior -perpetuated by media -attitude that key to health and fulfillment is to follow impulses freely -those who disagreed were "repressed" |
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Prohibition |
Rep. sought to curb powers of gov. -exception when fed. gov. implemented one of the last reforms of the progressive era -18th amendment: eliminate crime, boost production, lift nation's morality -14 year orgy of lawbreaking
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Flaws in prohibition |
-Sacramental wine permitted allowing fake clergy to party with bogus congregations -Farmers could ferment fruit juices -Drs. and dentists could prescribe liquor -Detroit had 20,000 illegal drinking est. -2nd largest industry in Detroit -Intense loval resistance |
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Speakeasies |
-Illegal drinking establishments -dance floors led to sexual integration -Al Capone built bootleg empire in Chicago -cut down on drinking and alc. related illnesses -increase in gang related crime |
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21st amendment (1933) |
-Repealed prohibition -Only constitutional amendment to be repealed
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New Woman |
-more women went to work and college -before ww1 dwelt in NYC's bohemian Greenwich village -Mass media brought her to middle-class suburbs
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Women in politics |
-little influence -Male dominated -Rarity of female candidates -Lack of exp. voting esp. among immigrants -in S. poll taxes, literacy tests -split between special protection and equal rights |
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Women in Politics cont. |
-in 1923 equal rights amendment failed -worked for causes of birth control, legal equality for minorities, and end of child labor |
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Women in economics |
-1/4 women worked for pay by 1930 -women's jobs -more buying power (flappers) -Singer: woman not free till she choses whether she wants to be a mother -birth control linked with eugenics |
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New negro |
-Marcus Garvey urged blacks to rediscover heritage, take pride in achievements, maintain racial purity -UNIA (1917) gain economic and political indep. and created own shipping company -Overcrowding/unsanitary housing in population explosion -Harlem saw mix of artists |
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Harlem Renaissance |
-Langston Hughes -Harlem remained for whites a separate black ghetto known for its nightlife -Cotton Club; fashionable whites crowded into segregated clubs to hear real jazz -didn't dissolve prejudice of white society |
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Entertainment for the masses |
-Hollywood became successful/Heroes in sports -Lindbergh, Spirit of St. Louis, 1927, from long island across atlantic in single engine plane -Radio connected the coasts bankrolled by ads -traditional bonds of family, com., religion loose -Flaming youth created own culture (rah rah fad) |
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Lost Generation |
-Writers felt alienated by mass-culture society which was shallow, anti-intellectual, and materialistic. -Renounced progressives who deemed war a crusade -Europe the place to seek renaissance |
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Resistance to Change |
-By 1920s 40% of farmers landless and 90% of rural homes lacked plumbing, gas, electricity Rural: Anglo-Saxon, protestant, moral standards (abstinence and self-denial) Urban: Immigrants, Catholics and Jews, sin -Rural helped push prohibition, dam flow of immigrations, revive KKK, defend bible |
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Johnson-Reed Act (1924) |
-Limited number of immigrants to no more than 161k a year -Gave each European nation a quota based on 2% of the number of their people in America in 1890 -Cut immigration by more than 80% -bias in favor of western Europe -Reaffirmed chinese exclusion act -Indian citizenship act extended suffrage and citizenship to every Indian American |
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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti |
-Arrested in 1920 for robbery and murder -Execuuted in 1927 -Mourned by thousands |
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KKK |
-Reborn in 1915 in Georgia -Extended targets beyond blacks and spread beyond South -100% Americanism; defend family, morality, tradition American Values against thread of blacks, immigrants, radicals, feminists, catholics, jews |
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The Scopes Trial (1925) |
-Tennessee religion v. science -Several states passed legislation against teaching of evolution in pub. schools -Fundamentalist Protestants were creationalists -Scientists and civil liberties orgs. clamored for a challenge to the law -First trial to be covered on live radio -Courts upheld law (country vs. city) |
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Election of 1928 |
-Focused on social issues (prohibition, immigration, religion, rural v. urban) -Smith NYC: Denounced imm. quotas, anti-Klan bill, opposed prohibition, 1st Catholic to run of president -Hoover won by landslide; represented morality, efficiency, service, prosperity -South went Republican, cities went democratic |
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Distorted Economy (foreign) |
-Spring 1929 fragile prosperity -demanded allied nations repay war loans -tangled web of debts and reparations sapping Europe's economic vitality -Tariffs preventing other nations from selling goods to Americans -Less sales=less money to buy american goods -Goods being mass produced -American banks gave additional loans |
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Distorted Economy (domestic) |
Wealth gap; -farmers suffer from low prices and chronic indebtedness -industrial workers wages failed to keep up with productivity and corp. profits -Rich spent lavishly but only absorbed tiny fraction of output -credit kept consumer demand up |
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Crash (early signs) |
-construction slowed -auto sales faltered -companies cut back production and laid off -1921-1928 5,000 banks failed wiping out the savings of 100k's of people |
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Crash (1929) |
-Large stock speculation which increased stock values -Stocks bought on margin -Those who bought on credit could finance loans if their stock value increased -Market hesitated, investors sold overvalued stocks -Oct. 24 (Black Thurs.) brokers jammed stock exchange trying to unload shares |
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Crash Cont. |
-Oct. 29 (Black Tues.) market suffered greater fall than ever -Dramatic losses in market crash and fear of risking what was left stopped economy |
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Hoover's Bargain (11/1929) |
-Bargain failed b/c production declined, wages sliced, and layoffs as demand for products declined -This caused less consumerism and more cuts -Spiral of economic decline |
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Reformations |
-Agr. Marketing act (1929) created Farm Board which bought up surpluses but prices declined -Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) highest rates in history -Congress allocated money to public works -Reconstruction Finance Corp (1932) lent gov. funds to endangered banks -Trickle down: pump money into economy |
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Human Toll |
-Unemployment (1933) 25% -Cleveland 50% of workforce jobless -Steel industry operated 12% of capacity -1932 more than 9,000 banks closed -diseases and deficiencies -no federal assistance (state and local agencies) -Mexican deportation -Affected the family |
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Denial |
Hoovervilles: makeshift shantytowns on edges of America's cities Hoover blankets: Newspapers Hoover flag: empty pocket turned inside out -Hoover Hogs: Jackrabbits caught for food -Increase in movies -Increase in crime |
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Working-Class militancy |
-working class demonstrated AFL -farmers mounted uprisings National Farmers Holiday Association (1932) -Penny sales -Some states suspended debts and mortgages -Vets called for bonus (bonus marchers) -Communist party |
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FDR |
-Democratic Party -polio in 21 -Gov. of NYC -Government intervene as opposed to waiting for supply and demand -Conservatives believed dep. represented separation of strong and weak -Temporary relief admin. (1931)
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Election of 1932 |
-Won by landslide -New deal coalition: combined farmers, factory workers, immigrants, city folk, blacks, women, and progressive intellectuals |
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New Deal Goal |
1. provide relief to destitute (esp. unemployed) 2. Foster recovery of farms and businesses -creating jobs and reducing need for relief 3. Reform the gov. and economy in ways to reduce risk |
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New Dealers (Brain Trust) |
-Hopkins: social worker who administered new deal relief efforts and served as one of the president's loyal confidants -Perkins: who had extensive exp. trying to improve working conditions (First woman cabinet member) -Eleanor: new deal's unofficial ambassador |
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Plans to meet economic emergency |
-action -experiment -improvise 1. capitalist solutions: depression resulted from imbalances 2. Greatest flaw was underconsumption: balance between production and consumption 3. Size and economic power of corps counterbalanced by gov. and unions 4. gov. must moderate ialance of wealth |
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Banking and Finance Reform |
-immediately declared four-day bank holiday -Emergency banking act: gave treasury power to decide which banks reopened and to release funds from Reconstruc. Finance Corp. -Glass-Steagall banking act: set up FDIC which guaranteed customers fed. gov. would reimberse -fireside chats -SEC (1934) oversee financial markets by licensing investment dealers, monitoring stock transacts, requiring corporate officers to make full disclosures |
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Relief and Conservation |
-Fed. Emergency relief admin. (1933) gave money to many households, and created jobs for unemployed through public works projects -civil works administration -extended relief to include health and education funding literacy classes and vaccinations -Civilian Conservation Corps offered men wages to work conserving natural resources -TN valley authority build dams along TN river to provide electricty: fed and local working together and provided electricity, flood protection, soil reclamation, and jobs -REA (1935) low cost loans available to local coops for power plants and transmission to rural
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Agricultural |
-Agricultural Adjustment Act paid farmers not to grow crops. Individual farmers who didn't grow crops on a portion of their fields would receive gov. payment -Commodity Credit Corp allowed farmers to hold their harvested crops off market to wait for higher prices while gov. stored crop and gave commodity loan -Made fed. gov. major consumer of agr. goods -Farm Credit Act provided long terms credit on mortgaged farm property bypassing foreclusures |
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Industrial Recovery |
-National Industrial Recovery Act opted for gov. sponsored form of industrial self government through NRA (1933). Encouraged industrialists to agree on codes to define fair working conditions, set prices, minimizing competition. -Promoted these businesses to consumers -Strengthened conventional business practices -Many called it fascism |
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Challenges to new deal |
-Republicans and business people said too radical, undermining private property, economic stability, and democracy -On the left argued it failed to address human suffering and for its timidity in attacking corp. power |
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Resistance to Business Reform |
-National Association of Manufacturers & Chamber of Commerce (1935) openly anti new deal -American Liberty League (1934) claimed new deal denied individual constitutional right. Argued AAA was fascist control of agr. -labor leaders and economists on left argued NRA permitted monopolistic practices b/c trade associations manipulated codes to fit their aims, thwarted competition, and engaged in price gouging -Also upset NRA allows formation of company controlled unions |
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Supreme court reaction |
-May 1935 declared that the NRA unconstitutionally conferred powers reserved to congress on an administrative agency staffed by gov. appointees -NRA codes lost authority -Americans resisted economic planning and stubborn refusal of business leaders to yield to gov. regulations |
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Casualties in the Countryside |
-AAA created loyalty among farmers -Agr. processors and distributors objected the reduced volume of crop production while they paid taxes on the processed crops that disadvantaged them -1936 supreme court agreed with their contention to tax processors and distributors to enrich farmers |
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AAA solution |
-eliminated offending tax and funded allotment payments from gen. gov. revenues -protests from those who didn't qualify -Southern Farm tenant union argued that AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented. -Very little trickled down to sharecroppers -avoided confrontation b/c of southern dems. |
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Dust Bowl |
Okies streamed out of Ok, TX, KS, CO because of chronic draughts and harmful agr. practices and migrated to Cali |
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Politics on the fringe |
Socialists and Communists accused it of being the handmaiden of business elites and rescuing capitalism from its self inflicted crisis |
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Radical Challenges |
-Homegrown roots: many americans felt overlooked and job security was low -Union party (1935) founded by Coughlin to challenge FDR in 1936 elections. -Townsend pushing for pension merged with Union -1934 Dems. increased in congress |
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Relief for unemployed |
-Works progress admin. (1935) gave unemployed americans jobs on public works projects -Passed bonus sought by bonus marchers -Infrastructure -Art -Sewing machines to sew clothes for needy |
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Empowering Labor |
-Encouraged organization of unions which they believed would counterbalance big corps by defending workers, maintaining wages, replacing violence of strikes with economic peace and stability -Wagner Act (1935) created National Labor relations board and gave federal backing for right to unionize |
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Social Security and Tax Reform |
-Designed to provide modest income to relieve poverty of elderly people (1935) -Upheld by supreme court in 1937 -Raised taxes of rich |
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neglected americans |
Top tier: organized workers in major industries Bottom: women, children, old folks, unorganized, unskilled, uneducated, unemployed
Indian Reorg Act (1934) gave little aid to Natives but gave them more personal rights |
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Election of 1936 |
-Landslide -Court Packing plan: Added a new justice for each existing judge who had served for ten years and was over seventy (failed) |
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Last reforms |
Administrative Reorg Act (1938) gave pres. more influence Farm security admin (1937) provide housing and loans to help tenant farmers become independent AAA (1938) Quotas on staple crops and issued food stamps National Housing Act (1937) affordable rents Fair Labor Standards act (1938) |
