His 315L Final Exam

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“New South”-

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after Reconstruction South wanted to catch up with the North economy so although agriculture continued to dominate, there was industrial development in textiles, coal and iron, and wool products and paying rock bottom wages the new mills had a competitive advantage by having 40% lower costs than long established New England industry.

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Congress of Industrial Organizations-

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promoted 'industrial unionism' by organizing all workers into a single union, won major victories in steel and automobile industries.

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Populist Party

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political party formed in 1892 after Farmers Alliance Movement didn’t get much response from politicians. The party wanted free coinage of silver and governmental control of monopolies. The party eventually expanded to include the working class when it added 8 hour work day to its platform and won 4 Western states in the 1892 election. The party was significant because it was the first time agrarian protest truly challenged the 2 party system.

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Coxey's Party

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protest march by jobless marchers in 1894 demanding federal relief- President Cleveland dispersed them forcibly and arrested their leaded Jacob Coxey- further alienated labor vote from Cleveland

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Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom-

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Democratic presidential nominee of 1912, developed coherent reform program in response to Roosevelts 'new nationalism', wanted to preserve political and economic liberty from things such as trusts and monopolies but did agree on the need for a strong federal government but was confident that the governments existing powers could adequately restrain big business.

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T. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” foreign policy-

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The term originated from the phrase "Speak softly and carry a big stick". The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military (early 1900s)

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Post WW 1 Red Scare-

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917-1920- began during WWI and after Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Americans became increasingly afraid of anarchists, Communists, immigrants, and now Bolsheviks because of the triumph of Bolsheviks in Russia.the United States and gov. began to track activities of prominent American citizens who had voiced criticisms of war effort and other government policies. There were illegal searches and seizures, unwarranted arrests, and deportations of suspected Communists, anarchists, etc. Also Espionage and Sedition Acts passed.

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Works Progress Administration

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created in 1936 under the direction of Harry Hopkins, combated the depression by providing jobs rather that relief. FERA supplied grants to state welfare programs but WPA put workers directly on federal pay roll and reached out to about 1/3 of unemployed.

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Keynesian Economics

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In Keynes' theory, one person's spendings goes towards anothers earnings, and when that person spends her earnings she is, in effect, supporting anothers earnings. This circle continues on and helps support a normal functioning economy. When the Great Depression hit, people's natural reaction was to hoard their money. Under Keynes' theory this stopped the circular flow of money, keeping the economy at a standstill. Keynes' solution to this poor economic state was to prime the pump. By prime the pump, Keynes argued that the government should step in to increase spending, either by increasing the money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself. During the Great Depression, however, this was not a popular solution. It is said, however, that the massive defense spending that United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt initiated helped revive the US economy.

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Truman Doctrine 1947

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Truman gains approval of Congress to send aid money to Turkey and Greece to save them from Red Rule and Truman wants nations vulnerable to communism to be fortified. Truman Doctrine was first in a series of containment moves by the United States.

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McCarthysism

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is the political action of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term specifically describes activities associated with the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally coined to criticize the anti-communist pursuits of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy,

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Taft-Hartley Act

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US federal law passed by overriding Truman’s veto in 1947, monitoring activities and power of labor unions- an amendment to National Labor Relations Act, prohibited union shops and eroded purpose of protecting the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining

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Charles Hamilton Houston

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African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School and NAACP Litigation Director who played a significant role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws and trained future Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall.

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Thurgood Marshall

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was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Before becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. He was nominated to the court by President Lyndon Johnson in 1967.

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David Reisman's the Lonely Crowd

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- Argued Americans were moving from inner directed to outer directed orientation and expanding middle class explanation for emphasis on conformity. So concerned about conformity, we are sacrificing individual autonomy.

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Civil Rights Act, 1964

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outlawed discrimintation in public places, created Equal Oppurtunity Employment Commision

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Nuclear Deterrence

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deterrence is a strategy by which governments threaten an immense retaliation if attacked such that aggressors are deterred if they do not wish to suffer great damage as a result of aggressive action- US policy during Cold War

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Cuban Missle Crisis

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October 1962- confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. U.S. intelligence discovered that the Soviets and Cuba were holding nuclear missiles in Cuba and the U.S. did everything they could to disarm and remove them. The Soviets agreed that would be disarmed in exchange for a non invasion pact. The risk of nuclear war was greater during this time than at any other time in the Cold War. In response to this, in August 1963, the 3 principal nuclear powers- US, Soviet Union, and Great Britain announced a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.

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SNCC

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helped with Freedom Summer- Student Nonviolent coordinating committee- series of student movements led by Ella Baaker.

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New Left and SDS

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people increasingly concerned about equal application of constitutionally guaranteed rights so Hayden formed SDS- basically White counterpart to SNCC, Hayden developed port Heron statement saying problem in America is many people felt powerless and disconnected from ability to make any changes

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Young Americans for Freedom

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conservative political group founded in 1960, challenged SDS and believed in aggressive policy seeking victory in Vietnam but opposed how war was being conducted and foreign policy of non interventionism.

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Malcolm X

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black Muslim who was hostile to mainstream civil rights organizations and advocated violence only for self defense and began to talk in terms of class struggle uniting poor whites and blacks but was assasianated while delivering a speech

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Tet Offensive

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January 1968 surprise attack by Vietcong forces, a political organization and army in South Vietnam that fought against the US and S. Vietnam government, on many South Vietnamese cities and provincial centers. Vulnerablity to these attacks served to undermine US credibility and fueled opposition to the war.

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Women's Rights Movement

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1960s feminism and women’s liberation- there was a group raising issues of womens equality in 1950s and able to get Kennedy to appoint commission on status of women. They wanted same pay as men, equal treatment under law, and right to plan family and how many children to have

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La Raza Unida

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- known as the united race- group of young Mexican Americans rejecting assimilationist approach of their elders and wanting the term ‘Chicano’ to have a new political and cultural agenda. They argued for bilingual education, the hiring of more Chicano teachers, and the creation of a Chicano studies program

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United Farm Workers

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union for migrant workers organized by Chavez and Huerta. Victory came in 1970 when California grape growers signed contracts regarding the UFW.

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American Indian Movement

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1960s Young Native Americans challenged accomodationist approach of their elders and embraced concept of ‘Red Power” and formed AIM which protested by occupying the deserted federal penitentiary on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay and sat in the headquarters of the federal bureau of Indian affairs and eventually spurred government action on tribal issues

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Pentagon Papers

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documents released in 1971- a classified history of American involvement in Vietnam-showed Americans huge credibility gap in what government says happened vs. what really happened.

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Hard Hat Revolt

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May 8, 1970- anti war demonstrators greeted by construction workers who chased them down the streets because felt anti war movement was Anti-American.

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Environmental Protection Agency

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regulatory agency introduced by Nixon in 1970- provided services to businesses and corporations but also added cost by requiring expensive exuipment to limit the release of toxic chemicals in the environment

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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protected rights of workers and ordered safety improvements in factories increasing business costs- created in 1971 by Nixon administration and put federal government deep into areas normally not regulated by government

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Detente

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- relaxation of tensions- signified the foreign policy of President Nixon who sought a reduction of hostility between the US and the Soviet Union and China in the early 1970s.

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Milton Friedman

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the Nobel Prize winning laissez-faire economis at the Univ. of Chicago who in past was one of only nationally prominent conservative intellectuals but as new right emerged conservatism became more popular

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William F. Buckley

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- founder and editor of National Review- one of few intellectual conservatives until emergence of New Right

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Robert McNamara

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- secretary of defense during Kennedy Administration of 1960s- a former systems analyst and former head of Ford Motor Company

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silent majority

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group Nixon tried to appeal to- people who care about a strong United States, about patriotism, about moral and spiritual values- didn’t like war but didn’t protest like radical student groups because felt disrespecting authority

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moral majority

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group Regan wanted to appeal to- founded by Jerry Falwell- New right group committed to family values and attacked Democratic liberals for supporting lenient treatment of criminals, permissive sexuality, and welfare payments to unmarried mothers with multiple children- wanted cuts in taxes and government regulation22q

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New Right

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mid 1970s conservatism commanded great support lead by Barry Goldwater and Ronald Regan who supported limited government, low taxation, limiting social welfare, and increasing expenditures on military defense. Whites hostile to civil rights legislation joined as well as middle class suburbanites and migrants to the Sun Belt states

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Sun Belt

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south and southwestern states that grew significantly in population during the 1970s and therefore had increased influence in politics due to more electoral votes and many previous Democrats know voting Republican so became a Republican stronghold.

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George Wallace

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Alabama governor who barred two black students from the state university and ran as a 3rd party candidate in the 1968 election who exploited working class anxieties over student protests and urban riots and called for ‘law and order’ and denounced moters on public assisance who were ‘breeding children as cash crop’- he defined ‘welfare queens’ and law and order-that worked wonders for the next generation of mainstream conservatives

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Reganomics

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tried to increase the supply of goods by reducing the taxes paid by business corporations and wealthy Americans who could then use these funds to expand production to expand economy and increase government revenues and offset loss of tax dollars stemming from original tax cuts.

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liberation of Kuwait

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in 1990 Saddam Hussein went to war to expand Iraq’s boundaries and oil supply and quickly conquered Kuwait an ally of the US so to preserve US acess to oil, Bush called for Iraq withdrawl from Kuwait and imposed an embargo and trade sanctions and eventually the president organzed a military coalition who won the war for the liberation of Kuwait quickly.