Hesi Biology

Front 1

Which category is the most inclusuve

Back 1

Kingdom

Front 2

Which category is the most restrictive

Back 2

Species

Front 3

What is the most significant aspect of water?

Back 3

The polarity of it's bonds

Front 4

Specific heat value of water

Back 4

High

Front 5

Cohesion

Back 5

Ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance

Front 6

Adhesion

Back 6

Ability to bond to or attracted other molecules or substances

Front 7

Most important molecules in biology

Back 7

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Front 8

Carbohydrates

Back 8

Long chains, or polymers of sugar.

For storage, structure and energy. Forms the backbone of DNA and RNA

Front 9

Lipids

Back 9

Fats, specifically fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids.

Front 10

Fatty acids

Back 10

Saturated and unsaturated

Saturated fats are solid and contain no double bond.

Unsaturated fats are liquid and contain 1 or more double bonds.

Saturated fats bad

Front 11

Phospholipids

Back 11

Two fatty acids bonded to a phosphate group.

The phosphate is charged and polar and soluble to water.

The tails are no polar and nonsoluable to water.

Front 12

Proteins

Back 12

Most significant contributor to cellular function.

Made of 20 amino acids, largest of the biologic molecules.

.

Front 13

Enzymes

Back 13

Particular type of protein that act to catalyze different reactions. Nearly all cellular function is catalyzed by some type of enzyme

Front 14

Nucleic acids

Back 14

Components of the molecules of inheritance

Front 15

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 15

(DNA) is a unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains the code necessary for replication

Front 16

Ribonucleic acid

Back 16

(RNA) used in transfer of information from DNA to protein level and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code

Front 17

Metabolic pathways

Back 17

Progressing from a standpoint of high energy to low energy, all reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

Front 18

Prokaryotic cell

Back 18

Lack a nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles.

Front 19

Eukaryotic cells

Back 19

Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Front 20

Chromosomes

Back 20

Contain all genetic information for all regeneration of the cell, as well as all instructions for the function of the cell

Front 21

Ribosomes

Back 21

Read RNA to make proteins, found in endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm.

Front 22

Rough ER and Smooth ER

Back 22

Rough has bound ribosomes

Smooth has no ribosomes and functions in the detoxification and metabolism of molecules

Front 23

Golgi apparatus

Back 23

Responsible for packaging, processing, and shipping.

Transports proteins from ER throughout the cell.

Front 24

Lysosomes

Back 24

pH 4.5

Hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids

Normally contain an acidic environment

Front 25

Vacuoles

Back 25

All plants cells have these, used as storage, waste disposal, protection and hydrolysis

Front 26

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Back 26

Produce energy

Mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells

Chloroplast found in plants, site of photosynthesis

Front 27

Cellular membrane

Back 27

Most important component of the cell for protection, communication, and passage of substances into and out of the cell.

Made of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins.

Front 28

The two catabolic energy producing methods

Back 28

Cellular respiration

Fermentation

Front 29

Cellular respiration

Back 29

Aerobic, and three steps

1. Conversion of glucose to pyruvate called glycolysis, takes place in the cytosol. Produces 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

2. Pyruvate transported mitochondrion and used in citric acid cycle(Krebs cycle). (1 glucose gives 2 ATP, 6 Carbon Dioxide, 6 NADH.

3. Oxidation of NADH molecules to make oxygen and finally water(Electron Transport Chain).

(1 glucose gives, 28 to 32 ATP)

Total is 32-36 ATP for every glucose molecule consumed

Front 30

Cellular respiration formula

Back 30

Front 31

Asexual reproduction

Back 31

Two types: Binary fission and mitosis

Front 32

Binary fission

Back 32

The chromosomes binds to plasma membrane and replicates into two identical cells

Front 33

Mitosis

Back 33

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis

Front 34

Prophase

Back 34

Chromosomes are visibly separate, and each duplicated chromosome has two noticeable sister chromatids

Front 35

Prometaphase

Back 35

The nuclear envelope begins to disappear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell.

Front 36

Metaphase

Back 36

All chromosomes aligning along metaphase plate(center of the cell)

Front 37

Anaphase

Back 37

Chromosomes start to separate

Front 38

Telophase

Back 38

Final phase, chromosomes gather on either side of the now separating cell

Front 39

Cytokinesis

Back 39

After mitosis, the cell pinches in two, forming two separate identical cells

Front 40

Meiosis

Back 40

Sexual reproduction, consists of meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 resulting in 4 daughter cells

Called reduction division because the number of chromosomes is reduced by half

Front 41

Interphase

Back 41

Chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division.

Front 42

Who used peas to discover traits

Back 42

Gregor Mendel

Front 43

Alleles

Back 43

Alternative versions of a gene

Front 44

Device to predict genotypes

Back 44

Punnett square

Front 45

Four nitrogenous bases for DNA

Back 45

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Front 46

Bonding pattern for nitrogenous bases

Back 46

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

Front 47

Transcription

Back 47

Beginning of protein synthesis

The DNA molecule is used as a template to form mRNA

Front 48

Which base is replaced in RNA

Back 48

Thymine is replaced with Uracil

Front 49

Codon

Back 49

Three base sequence of messenger RNA