Hesi A2 Biology

Front 1

Classification of living things in order of increasing specificity

Back 1

Kindom, Phylum, class, order, family, genius, species

Front 2

Kingdom determines

Back 2

whether plant or animal

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phylum determines

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whether vertebrate or invertebrate

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class can be 5 things

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fish, amphibians, avians, reptiles or mammals

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order determines

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vegetable eating, or meat eating

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example of family

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cat or dag

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example of genius

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Homo

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example of species

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sapien

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5 biological kingdoms

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animalia, fungi, monera, plantae, protista

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describe kindom animalia

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complex, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that digest food outside of cells. mostly consume other organisms for nutrients.

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describe kingdom monera

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most primitive. encompasses all bacteria, single celled prokaryotic organisms

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describe kingdom fungi

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slime moulds, mushrooms, smuts, rusts, mildews, molds, stinkhorns, puffballs, truffles and yeasts. Absorb food in solution directly through cell walls

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describe kindom plantae

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multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that usually conduct photosynthesis.

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describe kingdom protista

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single celled eukaryotic organisms. more complex then bacteria, include protozoans and some types of algea.

Front 15

the levels life organized from smallest to largest

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atoms, molecules, supramolecular strucutres, cells, tissue, organs, organisms, populations, communities, biosphere

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3 domains ( super kingdoms) of living organisms

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bacteria, archea, eukarya

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5 phylums under bacteria domain

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proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, eubacteria, spirochetes, chlamydiae

Front 18

describe proteobacteria

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N-Fixed bacteria

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describe cyanobacteria

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blue-green bacteria

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describe eubacteria

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true gram positive bacteria

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describe spiochetes

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spiral bacteria

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describe chlamydiae

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intracellular parasites

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describe the domain archea

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prokaryotes of extreme environments

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what are the 3 kingdoms under the archea domain

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Creanarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota

Front 25

describe crenarchaeota

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thermophiles

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describe euryarchaeota

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methanogens and halophiles

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describe korarchaeota

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some hot springs microbes

Front 28

what are the kingdoms under the eukarya domain

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protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Front 29

methods that material use to enter or exit a cellular membrane

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osmosis, diffusion, membrane transport proteins, recognizeable proteins

Front 30

describe chromatin in the nucleus

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combination of DNA and associated proteins floating in a liquid nucleoplasm, surrounded by nuclear envelope( lipid bilayer)

Front 31

what hapens in the nucleolus

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synthesis of ribosomal genes rRNA takes place

Front 32

what does the endomembrane or cytomembrane system consist of

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ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi body, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes

Front 33

what do ribosomes do in the endo/ctomembrane system

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small structures made of RNA and protein that assemble protein chains. can be free in cytoplasm or bound to the ER

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what does the rough ER do in the endo/ctomembrane system

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sorts and modifies proteins chains delivered by bound ribosomes.

Front 35

what does the smooth ER do in the endo/ctomembrane system

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lacks ribosomes. site of lipid (membrane ) synthesis

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what does the golgi body do in the endo/ctomembrane system

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connects with the smooth ER , completes lipid synthesis and sorts proteins to their correct destination in small vesicles.

Front 37

what do vesicles do in the endo/ctomembrane system

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transport proteins and lipids to the cell surface, bring proteins and lipids to cell from cell's surface, digest compounds in lysosomes.

Front 38

what do lysosomes do in the endo/ctomembrane system

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intracellular digestion

Front 39

what do peroxisomes do in the endo/ctomembrane system

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break down fatty acids, amino acids, and alcohol.

Front 40

what is a mitochondria

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double membrane-bound organelle, makes ATP, contains it's own genome.

Front 41

what is a chloroplast

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in plants only, a double membrane-bound organelle, makes sugar from sunlight & CO2 during photosythesis, contains it's own genome.

Front 42

what is the cytoskeleton made of and it's function

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microtubules & microfilaments. provides cell shape and movement

Front 43

what is centioles made of and it's function

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microtubules.
may assist in cell division

Front 44

what is a cell wall and what kindoms have them

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a tough rigid structure in plants>made of cellulose. In protists>a variety of proteins. In fungi> chitin

Front 45

what kingdoms are prokaryotic cells and what are the 5 features

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archaebacteria & Eubacteria
very small, lack internal compartments and organelles, lack a nucleus, have 1 circular chromosome, tough external wall

Front 46

what kindoms are eukaryotic cells and what r the 5 features

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protists, plants, fungi, animals
subdivided by internal membranes, DNA enclosed by membrane-bound nucleus, DNA organized into chromosomes, cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and organelles, plant cells & yeasts cells & protists have cell wall animals dont.

Front 47

what is a nucleus

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largest membrane-bound organelle w/in a cell. contains DNA. syntesizes RNA which directs the formation of proteins that sustain life, duplicates itself in order to reproduce.

Front 48

what is a vacuole

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energy storage housed w/in cytoplasm of cell. bound by single layer membrane. site of protein and metabolite degradation

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what is cytoplasm

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fluid w/in cell membrane contains substances that are used by the cell to create energy. 80-97% water

Front 50

what is diffusion

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passive process that allows nutrients, gases, molecules to enter and leave cell. can be passive or facilitated

Front 51

describe passive diffusion

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small molecules pass through the cell membrane by using only a small amount of energy

Front 52

describe facilitative diffusion

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aka active transport. when carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane bind to specific substances, allowing them to enter the cell.

Front 53

describe osmosis

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a form of diffusion. when a large molecule is disulved in water in order to allow it too pass through a cell membrane.

Front 54

carbohydrate chains are called

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polymers

Front 55

what are nucleic acids

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part of the molecule inhereted through reproduciton, DNA & RNA.

Front 56

what r the largest of the biological molecules

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proteins

Front 57

proteins are made up of how many molecules and what are they called

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20, amino acids

Front 58

what 3 types of fats/lipids r there

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fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

Front 59

which of the 3 types of fats can either be saturated or unsaturated

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fatty acids.

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why is unsaturated fat in liquid form

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because they contain 1 or more hydrocarbon bond in their hydrocarbon tail

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why are unsaturated fats in solid form

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because they have no double bonds.

Front 62

what is a phospholipid

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2 fatty acids bound to a phosphate group. 1 end of phosphate chain is polar, and the other end is nonpolar= the 2 ends are attracted to each other forming a barrier around the cell.

Front 63

which fat/lipid type is often components of cellular membranes

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steroids

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what makes steroids nonpolar

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they contain a large # of carbon-hydrogen molecules.

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antigenic determinant

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a surface feature of a microorganism or macromolecule, such as a glycoprotein, that elicits an immune response.

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2 forms of asexual reproduction

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grafting, budding

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autosome

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a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination

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backcross

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crossing an organism with one of it's parent organisms

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biologics

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agents, such as vaccines, that give immunity.

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carcinoma

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a malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue, which forms the skin and outer cell layers of internal organs

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catalyst

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a substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end of the reaction.

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catalytic antibody (abzyme)

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An anitbody selected for its ability to catalyze a chemical reaction by binding to and stabilizing the transition state intermediate.

Front 73

catalytic RNA (ribozyme)

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A natural or synthetic RNA molecule that cuts an RNA substrate.

Front 74

chloramphenicol

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an antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis

Front 75

coenzyme

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an organic molecule, such as a vitamin, that binds to an enzyme and is required for it's catalytic activity.

Front 76

cross hybridization

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the hydrogen bonding of a single-stranded DNA that is partially but not entirely coplementary to a single stranded substrate.

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dalton

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a measurement unti equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom.

Front 78

density gradient centrifugation

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high speed centrifugation in which molecules "float" at a point where there density equals that in a gradient of cesium chloride or sucrose

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dideoxynucleotide

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a deoxynucleotide that lacks a 3' hydroxyle group and is thus unable to form 3'-5' phosphodiester bond necessary for chain elongation

Front 80

when are dideoxynucleotides used

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in DNA sequencing and the treatment of viral diseases

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dominant gene

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a gene whos phenotype is when it is present in a single copy

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dominant oncogene

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a gene that stimulates cell proliferation and contributed to oncogenesis when present in a single copy.

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ecology

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the study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other

Front 84

electrophoresis

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a technique of seperating charged molecules in a matrix to which an electrical field is applied.

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electroporation

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a method for transforming DNA. especially useful in plant cells. High voltage pulses of electricity are used to oopen pores in cell membranes, through which foreign DNA can pass.

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endophyte

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an organism that lives inside another

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flanking region

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The DNA sequences extending on either side of a specific locus or gene

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fungus

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a microorganism that lacks chlorophyll

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gene insertion

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the addition of 1 or more copies of a normal gene into a defective chromosome

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genetic marker

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a gene or group of genes used to mark or track the actions of microbes

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genotype

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the structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait

Front 92

growth factor

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a serum protein that stimulated cell division when it binds to it's cell-surface receptor

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hemophilia

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an X-linked recessive genetic disease, caused by a mutatin in the gene for clotting factor VIII or IX, which leads to abnormal blood clotting

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homologous chromosomes

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chromosomes that have the same linear arrangement of genes. a pair of matching chromosomes in a diploid organism

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homologous recombination

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the exchange of DNA fragments between 2 DNA molecules or chromatids of paired chromosomes at the site of identical necleotide sequences.

Front 96

hydrogen bond

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a relatively weak bond formed between y, a hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen with an unshared electron pair.

Front 97

in situ

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refers ro performing assays or manipulations with intact tissues

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incomplete dominance

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a condition where a heterozygous off-spring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the parental phenotypes.

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insulin

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a peptide hormone secreted from the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of blood sugar

Front 100

interferon

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a family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells

Front 101

nucleotide

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building block of DNA, RNA. consisting of a nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group, together nucleotides form codons, which when strung together form genes, which link to form chromosomes

Front 102

phospholipid

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a class of lipid molecules in which a phosphate group is linked to glycerol and 2 fatty acyl groups

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plaque

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a clear spot on a lawn of bacteria where or cultured cells where cells have been lysed by viral infection

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polymer

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a molecule composed of repeated subunits

Front 105

polypetide

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a polymer composed of multiple amino acid units linked by peptide bonds

Front 106

polysaccharide

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a polymer composed of multiple units of monosaccharide (simple sugar).

Front 107

primary cell

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a cell or cell line that is taken directly from a living organism, which is not immortalized

Front 108

protease

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an enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds that link amino acids in protein molecules

Front 109

protein kinase

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an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to a protein molecule at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues

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protein

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a polymer of amino acids linked via peptide bonds and which may be composed of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Front 111

recombinant DNA

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the process of cutting and recombining DNA fragments from different sources as a means to isolate genes or to alter their structure and function

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retrovirus

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a member of a class of RNA viruses that utilizes the enzyme reverse transcriptase to reverse copy it's genome into a DNA intermediate, which integrates into the hostcell chromosome.

Front 113

reverse genetics

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using linkage analysis and polymorphic markers to isolate a disease gene in the absence of a known metabolic defect, then using the DNA sequence of the cloned gene to predict the amino acid sequence of its encoded protein.

Front 114

subunit vaccine

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a vaccine composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is seperated from the virulent organism.

Front 115

synapsis

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the pairing of homologous chromosome pairs during prophase of the first meiotic division, when crossing over occurs.

Front 116

Taq polymerase

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a heat stable DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium Therrnus aquaticus

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telomere

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the end of a chromosome

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vector

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an autonomously replicating DNA molecule into which foreign DNA fragments are inserted and then propagated into a host cell.