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291 Cards in this Set
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Rheumatic fever
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Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune inflammatory disease which may develop after a Group A streptococcal infection
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is:
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PCP is a pneumonia caused by the fungal organism Pneumocystis carinii (now renamed Pneumocystis jiroveci). This organism is common in the environment and does not cause illness in healthy people only in imunocompromised peoples like AIDs
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prognosis: AIDS
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia can be life-threatening, and respiratory failure can lead to death. People with this condition need early and effective treatment. For moderate to severe PCP in people with AIDS, the use of corticosteroids has decreased mortality.
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) typical symptoms:
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* Cough -- often mild and dry
* Fever * Rapid breathing * Shortness of breath -- especially with activity (exertion) |
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) preventative therapy is for:
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* AIDS patients with CD4 counts below 200
* People on chronic high-dose corticosteroids * People who have had previous episodes of PCP |
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Pneumocystis pneumonia the most commonly used medication is:
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a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole, with the tradenames Bactrim, Septrin, or Septra)
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Strep throat usually requires
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treatment with antibiotics. along with plenty of rest and fluids
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Strep Throat Spreads
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normal activities like sneezing, coughing, or shaking hands
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strep throat will start to develop
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other symptoms within about 3 days, such as:
* red and white patches in the throat * difficulty swallowing * tender or swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the neck * red and enlarged tonsils * headache * lower stomach pain * fever * general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling * loss of appetite and nausea * rash |
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It's important to identify strep throat for a number of reasons.
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strep throat can sometimes cause complications such as kidney inflammation and rheumatic fever.
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Tuberculosis
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is the only major AIDS-related opportunistic infection that poses a risk to HIV-negative people.
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Symptoms of tuberculosis
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Symptoms of tuberculosis depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing.
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Tuberculosis bacteria often grow in
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the lungs, causing pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis may cause a bad cough that lasts longer than two weeks, pain in the chest and coughing up of blood or sputum.
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Inactive TB
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has no symptoms.
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Other symptoms of TB disease include
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weakness or fatigue, weight loss, lack of appetite, chills, fever and night sweats.
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the multiple puncture technique has found favor as a screening tool,
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For large groups of people
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TB multiple puncture test, for multiple people, technique a positive result should be confirmed by
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Mantoux testing unless vesiculation has taken place amongst the crowd that was screened.
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TB Mantoux testing has the advantage of
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using a standard amount of a standard potency reagent and thus is quantifiable and reproducible.
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PPD geographic variation in skin test reactivity
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blurs the region between a positive and a negative test in many areas
10 mm isn't always that big http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/ br.fcgi?book=cm&part=A1434 |
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causes of a false negative intermediate-strength PPD
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include concurrent viral infections such as rubella and rubeola, as well as some bacterial infections including brucellosis and typhoid fever. Live virus vaccines, such as measles, have been shown to inhibit the development of a positive test.
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Groups at high risk of recent infection with M. tuberculosis,
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immigrants from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania; some inner-city and "skid-row" populations; personnel and long-term residents in some hospitals, nursing homes, mental institutions and prisons
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TB Drugs
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Isoniazid (INH)
Rifampin (RM) Pyrazinamide (PZA) Ethambutol (EMB) Vitamin B6 - prescribed for alleviating numbness and tingling in the hands and feet |
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TB Drug side effects
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Nausea
Poor appetite Tiredness Yellowing of the eyes or urine or easy bruising Pain or swelling of the joints Changes in vision Rash, itchiness Numbness or tingling in hands and feet |
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Treating ACTIVE TB disease
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isoniazid, rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane), ethambutol (Myambutol) and pyrazinamide for up to 1 year
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TB INFECTION protocol
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isoniazid (INH). six to nine months.
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isoniazid (INH). six to nine months. Side effects
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monitor for Hepatitis avoid using acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) and avoid or limit alcohol use. Both greatly increase your risk of liver damage.
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Because TB bacteria grow slowly,
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treatment for an active infection is lengthy — usually six to 12 months
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enuresis
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en (increased)
uresis (urine) enuresis (bed-wetting) |
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Anasarca
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extreme generalized edema
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Oliguria
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Oliguria and anuria are the decreased or absent production of urine
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Shigella infection
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Signs and symptoms of shigellosis usually begin a day or two after exposure to shigella and may include:
* Diarrhea (often containing blood or mucus) * Abdominal cramps * Fever |
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Immunity types
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Natural active (caught it)
Artificial active(shot it) Natural passive (sucked it) Artificial passive (stole it) |
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Natural active immunity
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Occurs during infection.
It is active because lymphocytes are activated by antigens on pathogen's surface. |
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Artificial passive immunity
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administration of specific Antibodies grown in things like eggs which people can be allergic to.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (or disorder) (PID)
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a generic term for inflammation of the female uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (or disorder) (PID)
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If there are symptoms then fever, cervical motion tenderness, lower abdominal pain, new or different discharge, painful intercourse, or irregular menstrual bleeding may be noted. PID can occur and cause serious harm without causing any noticeable symptoms
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syphilis
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infects the person by burrowing into the moist, mucous-covered lining of the mouth or genitals. The spirochete produces a classic, painless ulcer known as a chancre.
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Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease,
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is caused by a microscopic, wormlike bacterial organism called a spirochete burrowing into the moist, mucous-covered lining.
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Chlamydia is known as the "Silent Epidemic" because in women, it may not cause any symptoms and will linger for months or years before being discovered.
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"Silent Epidemic" because in women, it may not cause any symptoms and will linger for months or years before being discovered.
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Chlamydia non silent symptoms
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unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain in the abdomen, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), fever, painful urination or the urge to urinate more frequently than usual (urinary urgency).
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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incubation period is 1 to 10 days
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae symptoms
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Men may complain of pain on urinating and thick, copious, urethral pus discharge (also known as gleet) is the most common presentation. Examination may show a reddened external urethral meatus. Ascending infection may involve the epididymis, testicles or prostate gland causing symptoms such as scrotal pain or swelling. Instances blurred vision in one eye may occur in adults
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vertically transmitted, gonorrhea and chlamydia
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vertically transmitted, where infected mothers can pass gonorrhea to their newborn infants during delivery. This causes conjunctivitis (eye infections) which, if left untreated, can lead to blindness. As prophylaxis against this and chlamydia, all infants are treated with eyedrops of erythromycin at birth.
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Gonorrhea
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commonly known by the slang term the clap a purulent inflammation of mucous membrane surfaces caused by a sexually transmitted microorganism, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Virtually any MUCOUS MEMBRANE can be infected
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Primary syphilis
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is typically acquired via direct sexual contact with the infectious lesions of a person with syphilis. Approximately 10-90 days after the initial exposure (average 21 days), a skin lesion appears at the point of contact, which can be anywhere on the body. This lesion, called a chancre, is a firm, painless skin ulceration localized at the point of initial exposure to the spirochete
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Secondary syphilis
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occurs approximately 1-6 months (commonly 6 to 8 weeks) after the primary infection.There may be a symmetrical reddish-pink non-itchy rash on the trunk and extremities. The rash can involve the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. In moist areas of the body, the rash becomes flat broad whitish lesions known as condylomata lata. Mucous patches may also appear on the genitals or in the mouth
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syphilis is most contagious
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during secondary syphilis sypmtoms In secondary syphilis, the bacteria has spread into the bloodstream
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The most common symptom is a skin rash, which varies in appearance, yet frequently involves the palms and soles. Lesions called mucous patches may be seen in or on the mouth, vagina, or penis.
Moist, warty patches may develop on the genitalia or skin folds. These are called condylomata lata. |
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Tertiary (third) syphilis usually occurs
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1-10 years after the initial infection, though in some cases it can take up to 50 years. This stage is characterized by the formation of gummas which are soft, tumor-like balls of inflammation known as granulomas
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Syphilis is detected by
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Shortly after infection occurs, the body produces syphilis antibodies that can be detected by an accurate, safe, and inexpensive blood test
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Genital sores (chancres) caused by syphilis make it easier to
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transmit and acquire HIV infection sexually. There is an estimated 2- to 5-fold increased risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to that infection when syphilis is present.
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syphilis, Treponema pallidum
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Blood containing the bacteria reaches the fetus through the placenta
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syphilis, Treponema pallidum
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is difficult to transmit except by intimate contact
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Gantrisin SULFISOXAZOLE WITH PHENAZOPYRIDINE - ORAL side effect expected
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stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, headache or vomiting during the first few days as your body adjusts to the medication
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Gantrisin SULFISOXAZOLE WITH PHENAZOPYRIDINE - ORAL side effect cause for concern
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Anaphylaxis, erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson red glove syndrome), toxic epidermal necrolysis, exfoliative dermatitis, angioedema, arteritis and vasculitis, allergic myocarditis, serum sickness, rash, urticaria, pruritus, photosensitivity, and conjunctival and scleral injection, generalized allergic reactions and generalized skin eruptions
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Gantrisin SULFISOXAZOLE WITH PHENAZOPYRIDINE - ORAL side effect moderate
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Crystalluria, hematuria, BUN and creatinine elevations, nephritis and toxic nephrosis with oliguria and anuria
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Stevens-Johnson Nasty red socks and gloves syndrome (SJS)
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a life-threatening condition affecting the skin in which cell death causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. The syndrome is thought to be a hypersensitivity complex affecting the skin and the mucous membranes. Although the majority of cases are idiopathic, the main class of known causes is medications, followed by infections and (rarely) cancers
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Stevens-Johnson Nasty red socks and gloves syndrome (SJS)
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discontinue causative medication if known
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Steinmann pin
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a metal rod for the internal fixation of fractures
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Koplik's spots small, irregular, red spots with a minute bluish white speck in the center of each seen on the buccal mucosa and lingual mucosa
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are diagnostic of early stage MEASLES
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Glasgow Coma Scale where 1 is dead.
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an eye opening verbal, motor scale weighing, at best, 15 lbs (5 each, 15 is awake)
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Spinal cord C4
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral |
4 (or less) for quadrapalegia
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Spinal cord C5 to T1
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral |
Arms (Eat with special tools)
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Spinal cord T2 or lower
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral |
the 2 arms move as a parapalegic
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grand mal seizure — also known as a tonic-clonic seizure
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knock them onto their back and steal their pillow, then electrocute their brains
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Tensilon is the trade name for edrophonium chloride injection
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An obvious increase in strength in weakened muscles strongly suggests the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
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right up Frontal lobe
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reasonable personality solving problems
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Temporal lobe
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hearing speech language
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cerebellum lobe
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balance and coordination
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Occipital lobe
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vision
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brainstem
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basic body function
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Gout
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Diets which are high in purines and high in protein have long been suspected of causing an increased risk of gout (a type of arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in the body which form crystals in the joints, resulting in pain and inflammation)
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Curling's ulcer of fire
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an acute peptic ulcer of the duodenum, occurs after being burned
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23 hour Elastic pressure garment
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molds scars after burns
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Duodenal
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just past the stomach where the acid dumps out
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In Buck's extension traction,
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the patient is usually not allowed to turn and must remain flat on his back.
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In Buck's extension traction
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The foot of the bed is routinely elevated to keep the patient from being pulled down to the foot of the bed
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In Buck's extension traction
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turn the patient toward the fracture to empty the bladder or reposition
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Chickenpox is generally a mild infection
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caused by the varicella (herpes family) virus and spreads via air or direct contact.
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Varicella chickenpox sores
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antihistamine for itching
soft, bland foods for chickenpox mouth sores never scratch ~ use gloves and trim fingernails to lessen damage cool baths help relieve itching, added relief sprinkle bath with baking soda, uncooked oatmeal or colloidal oatmeal acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever ~ Never give aspirin to anyone with chickenpox because the combination has the potential to cause Reye Syndrome. |
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Hep B
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B is for blood, including rough sex
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Hep A
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A is for asshole (fecal oral)
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Hep C
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C is for blood, along with the rest of the alphabet when it comes to Hepatitis.
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Wounds bleed
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When the sutures cleave (break),
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wounds swell
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when down the well with out a bandage to mold them
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Pain, like family, is what the patient says it is.
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treat (medicate) what they say not what you see even if it is phantom pain.
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Crohn’s disease
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is associated with diarrhea and poor absorption of necessary nutrients
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Multiple sclerosis (MS)
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also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata, is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the central nervous system (CNS), leading to demyelination.
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MS affects
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the areas of the brain and spinal cord known as the white matter
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MS outcomes
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Life expectancy of patients,is nearly the same as that of the unaffected population, and in some cases a near-normal life is possible.
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MS sypmtoms
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changes in sensation (hypoesthesia), muscle weakness, abnormal muscle spasms, or difficulty in moving; difficulties with coordination and balance (ataxia); problems in speech (dysarthria) or swallowing (dysphagia), visual problems (nystagmus, optic neuritis, or diplopia), fatigue and acute or chronic pain syndromes, and bladder and bowel difficulties. Cognitive impairment of varying degrees, or emotional symptomatology in the form of depression or pseudobulbar affect
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MS diagnosis
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MRI shows areas of demyelination (lesions)
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MS t cells pass the blood brain barrier and attack the myelin
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MS T mornings make me feel that way
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Parkinson's disease
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his son is a dope
caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine |
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Parkinson ism a radical philosophy of
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tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability
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Al Capone had syphilis not Parkinson's and was not a commie pinko
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Tolcapone inhibits the COMT enzyme, thereby prolonging the effects of L-dopa, and so has been used to complement L-dopa. However, due to its possible side effects such as liver failure, it's limited in its availability. A similar drug, entacapone seems less hepatoxic
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MAO-B inhibitors
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Selegiline and rasagiline
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Parkinson's like to work out
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Regular physical exercise and/or therapy, including yoga, tai chi, and dance, can be beneficial to the patient for maintaining and improving mobility, flexibility, balance, and range of motion
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Myasthenia gravis
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"serious muscle-weakness"; from Greek mya muscle , thenia weakness, gravis seriously.
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Myasthenia is treated medically with cholinesterase inhibitors or immunosuppressants, and, in selected cases, thymectomy
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caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Myasthenia Gravis serious muscles.
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it takes muscles to work in a coal mine.
treat with cholinesterase inhibitors |
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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease
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MS CNS autoantibodies are directed most commonly against the acetylcholine receptor
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Thymectomy, my God! (MG, Myasthenia Gravis)
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the surgical removal of the thymus to treat MS
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It is of central importance in the maturation of T cells.
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T?
Thymos have it all. |
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abnormal body movements called chorea and a lack of coordination
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half of theNerds on the dance floor are a genetic disgrace
autosomal dominant 50 percent chance in children |
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Huntington hunter gatherers work harder
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people in the later stages of the disease require two to three times more calories than average to maintain body weight
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CVA (Cerebrovascular accident), How would you like it?
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with headache 10% ( bleeding into brain raises ICP) or without 90% (clot or fat interrupts blood flow)
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CVA with headache, I need a cushing to rest my head on.
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Cushing's triad involves an increased systolic blood pressure, a widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and an abnormal respiratory pattern
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stroke with increased ICP
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Hemorrhagic stroke usually requires surgery to relieve intracranial (within the skull) pressure caused by bleeding
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Lyme disease
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Lyme (limes) on ice make me hot and really hit the spot.
Bullseye rash fatigue, chills, fever, headache, and muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes |
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ICP intercranial pressure increase
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Infants:
* Drowsiness * Separated sutures * Soft spot on top of the head (bulging fontanelle) * Vomiting Older children and adults: * Behavior changes * Headache * Progressive decreased consciousness, lethargy * Neurologic problems * Seizures * Vomiting |
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My head is about to explode, my heart to die, and my tension high, give me a Cushing to lay it on.
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Cushing's triad, which includes bradycardia, hypertension (with widened pulse pressure), and a change in respiratory pattern, is seen in head injuries with increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
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I can't walk straight, someone call me ataxia
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ataxia is a neurological sign and symptom consisting of gross incoordination of muscle movements
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the plane was crashing and that prick wouldn't give me a paresthisia chute.
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a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. It is more generally known as the feeling of "pins and needles" or of a limb being "asleep"
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Concussion
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48 hours
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Osteomalacia
ahss DEE ohmalacia |
Hormone D, Calcium deficiency makes your bone rickety (rickets). Pain localized to affected bones, usually starting in the lower spine.
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scolorky
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Scoliosis
lordhosis kyphosis |
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ScoLiosis
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left to right deviation
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Lorhosis
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swayback, exaggerated lower back curve toward front. Tummy sticks out.
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Kyphosis
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Humpback
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Legg-Calve`-Perthes disease
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idiopathic osteonecrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis
commonly is seen in persons aged 3-12 |
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idiopathic osteonecrosis of the caPital femoral ephysis
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Unknown bone death of the legg above the calve where bird perch
(Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease) |
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Prostaglandins
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Prostaglandins promote inflammation, pain, and fever, support the function of platelets that are necessary for the clotting of blood, and protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging effects of acid.
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Prostaglandins are produced within the body's cells by the enzyme ...
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cyclooxygenase (Cox). There actually are two Cox enzymes, Cox-1 and Cox-2.
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Cox-1 produces
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prostaglandins that support platelets and protect the stomach.
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block the Cox enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the body.
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ongoing inflammation, pain, and fever are reduced prostaglandins that protect the stomach and support the platelets and blood clotting also are reduced NSAIDs can cause ulcers in the stomach and promote bleeding.
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* Aspirin
* Salsalate (Amigesic) * Diflunisal (Dolobid) * Ibuprofen (Motrin) * Ketoprofen (Orudis) * Nabumetone (Relafen) * Piroxicam (Feldene) * Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) * Diclofenac (Voltaren) * Indomethacin (Indocin) * Sulindac (Clinoril) * Tolmetin (Tolectin) * Etodolac (Lodine) * Ketorolac (Toradol) * Oxaprozin (Daypro) * Celecoxib (Celebrex) |
Most common NSAIDs
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Contracture Ankylosis
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muscle joint freeze
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cerebral spinal fluid
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clear fluid salty to taste
a clear sign that you should have worn a helmet |
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Cardiac Failure
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pink frothy sputum, bi-basal crackles on chest auscultation, peripheral oedema, enlarged tender liver, suggestive history
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Tension Pneumothorax
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assymetrical chest movement, decreased air entry unilaterally, chest resonant to percussion unilaterally, tracheal deviation
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Pulmonary Embolus
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respiratory examination normal, haemodynamic instability, gallop rhythm, pleuritic chest pain, haemoptysis
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Cardiac Tamponade
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muffled heart sounds
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Oxygen Pressure
Oxygen Saturation (arterial) |
83 - 100 mm Hg
96 - 100% |
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Proteins:
Total Albumin Globulin |
6.0 - 8.4 gm/dL
3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL 2.3 - 3.5 gm/dL |
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Sodium moves the opposite direction of Potassium
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Na 135 - 145 mEq/L
K 35 - 45 |
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
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7 - 18 mg/dL
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WBC (leukocyte count and white Blood cell count)
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4.3-10.8 × 103/mm3
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Hematocrit
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Male: 45 - 62%
Female: 37 - 48% |
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Creatinine
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0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL
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Bilirubin
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Direct: up to 0.4 mg/dL
Total: up to 1.0 mg/dL |
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Acidity (pH)
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7.35 - 7.45
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Crohn's Disease diet
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There are no foods known to actually injure the bowel. However, during an acute phase of the disease, bulky foods, milk, and milk products may increase diarrhea and cramping. Generally, the patient is advised to eat a well-balanced diet, with adequate protein and calories
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Potassium
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35-45 mmEq/L
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High Potassium levels above 3.7-5.2
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* Addison's disease (rare)
* Blood transfusion * Crushed tissue injury * Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis * Hypoaldosteronism (very rare) * Kidney failure * Metabolic or respiratory acidosis * Red blood cell destruction |
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Low Potassium levels below 3.5 to 4.5
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* Chronic diarrhea or use of laxatives
* Cushing syndrome (rare) * Diuretics * Hyperaldosteronism * Hypokalemic periodic paralysis * Not enough potassium in the diet * Renal artery stenosis * Renal tubular acidosis (rare) * Vomiting |
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clinical manifestations of salmonella infection.
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Nausea and vomiting
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clinical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis.
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Headache and fatigue are initial
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initial clinical manifestations of shigella infection.
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Fever and cramping abdominal pain
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initial clinical manifestations of Norwalk virus.
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Anorexia and malaise
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Natural immunity provides a nonspecific response to any foreign invader
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induced by contracting the disease.
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Active acquired immunity
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developed by a person's own body and can be transferred in breast milk or across the placenta
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Passive acquired immunity is temporary
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immunity transmitted from another source that has developed immunity through immunization
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Acquired immunity develops
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as a result of vaccination or contracting the disease.
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hepatitis A vaccine
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No live organism is used in preparing
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tetanus vaccine
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No live organism is used in preparing
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pertussis vaccine
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No live organism is used in preparing
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rubella vaccine
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contains a live attenuated virus. This type of vaccine may result in development of the actual disease it is meant to prevent. A child who is HIV seropositive and severely immunocompromised should not be given this vaccine.
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Chlamydia is diagnosed
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from cultures of tissue from the infected area and by specific tests on urine and vaginal swab specimens.
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Genital herpes is most accurately diagnosed by
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isolation of the virus in tissue culture from the lesion.
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Gonorrhea is diagnosed by
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fluid analysis from infected mucous membranes, urinalysis, or gram stain.
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Syphilis can be diagnosed by
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the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) or the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) blood tests which measure antibody production.
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A person with a history of asthma
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will not show a significant positive response to the Mantoux test.
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A person with a history of bronchitis
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will not show a significant positive response to the Mantoux test.
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A person with a history of mononucleosis
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will not show a significant positive response to the Mantoux test.
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A person with a history of tuberculosis
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will show a significant positive response to the Mantoux test, because this test is used to determine if a person has been infected with the tuberculosis bacillus.
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A throat culture is
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not reliable in diagnosing tuberculosis in a patient who is HIV seropositive.
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False negative responses to TB test are common in people who are
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immunosuppressed
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A positive tuberculin test alone
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does not indicate active disease in people who are immunosuppressed
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diagnose active tuberculosis
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sputum specimen is easier to obtain and more definitive If the sputum culture is positive, a definitive diagnosis is made
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Chloromycetin is an antibiotic
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used to treat most gram positive and gram negative organisms. its hematologic side effects such as aplastic anemia and thrombocytopenia
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Pen-Vee K is a broad spectrum antibiotic which has a prompt response, usually within 24 hours and relatively few side effects
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It is the drug of choice for common strep infections.
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Sulfadiazine (Microsulfon) is an antibiotic
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used mainly to treat gram-positive bacteria such as those occurring in urinary tract infection and toxoplasmosis.
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Tetracycline hydrochloride (Achromycin)
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is an antibiotic used to treat both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. However, it is not the drug of choice in children under age eight, because side effects include the permanent discoloration of teeth, enamel defects, and bone growth retardation.
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Petechiae are more common in
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patients with blood dyscrasias
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Clinical manifestations of pneumocystis carinii in a patient with AIDS include
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pulmonary infiltrates on chest X ray, nonproductive cough, fever, and dyspnea.
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tuberculosis Symptoms
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skin pallor, wheezing, and night sweats
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Herpes zoster lesions
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do not appear near the lips
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Herpes zoster lesions
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are vesicles, not fissures, and are not found on the feet.
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Herpes zoster lesions
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usually appear unilaterally on the face, trunk, and thorax.
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Herpes zoster lesions
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are vesicles with an erythematous base, not petechiae.
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Commercial food products such as hot dogs
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can carry clostridium perfringens, but not salmonella.
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The most common sources of salmonella transmission are
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poultry and eggs. Cookie dough usually contains eggs and children enjoy eating it raw.
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Milk, if not properly refrigerated
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can cause food poisoning due to staph bacteria.
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When herpes simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2) replication diminishes
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the virus ascends the peripheral sensory nerves and remains inactive in the nerve ganglia.
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Clostridium is a spore-forming bacterium
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Its spores proliferate within the intestine during dormant periods.
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Chlamydia is a bacterium that requires attachment to the host cell
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It remains in the vagina and in an infected pregnant woman can infect an infant born vaginally.
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Syphilis, left untreated
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can lead to generalized infection including lymphadenopathy and can enter a period of latency in which further invasion of the lymphatic system occurs.
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Clinical manifestations of pneumonia include
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chills with some form of respiratory distress that necessitates the use of accessory muscles for breathing. Inspiratory crackles which indicate lung consolidation are also present.
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In pneumothorax, breath sounds
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are absent
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Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis
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include low grade fever, cough, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss.
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Alcohol is an effective disinfectant against the spread of bacteria, fungi, and viruses found primarily on the hands.
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It is not as effective against contaminants found in blood spills.
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Ammonia
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has not been shown to be an effective disinfectant against surfaces contaminated with HIV
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Sodium hypochlorite
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contains chlorine (bleach) which is the most effective way to disinfect surfaces contaminated by blood spills.
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Haemophilus otitis media
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is the result of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
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Complications of varicella include
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encephalitis and other secondary bacterial infections.
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A previous infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
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can be documented in most cases of rheumatic fever
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Hepatitis B is transmitted primarily
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through blood
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Hepatitis A
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is transmitted by the fecal-oral route
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Sudden onset of fever along with chills and diffuse myalgia
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is indicative of typhus.
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Lyme disease is most characterized by
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annular red rings at the site of the bite.
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Severe vomiting along with chills and severe headache
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diseases involving the renal system
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Hypertension
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an adverse reaction to sulfasoxazole (Gantrisin)
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patient should be encouraged to drink between 3,000 and 4,000 ml daily to prevent crystalluria
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The weight used in Buck's traction is usually five to 10 pounds
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Circulation should be assessed every one to two hours
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Buck's traction is exerted on the skin of the lower leg
|
direct inspection is required
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The hip spica cast is designed to
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immobilize the extremity and to support it
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Applying a large diaper around the perineal opening of the hip spica cast.
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is the best way to care for the cast and protect the child's skin around the hip spica cast.
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Avulsion is associated with
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traumatic bone injury
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Compressed fractures are associated with
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crush injuries.
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Open fractures are associated with
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traumatic injuries.
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The word pathologic refers to the involvement of
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a disease process in the fracture.
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Buckle fractures
|
caused by compression, are quite common in young children and do not usually indicate abuse
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An oblique fracture of the clavicle is
|
one of the most common fractures in children.
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A spiral fracture of the humerus typically occurs
|
as a result of abusive pulling or twisting of the arm.
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A fresh cast should not rest on
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hard surfaces or sharp edges that may cause dents and pressure areas.
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probenecid-colchicine (ColBENEMID)
|
increases excretion of uric acid through urine,
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The dietary limitation for patients with gout who are taking ColBENEMID is to
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avoid high-purine (protein) foods
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A high-protein diet is likely to include
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foods high in purines
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Dark yellow synovial fluid indicates
|
inflammatory joint disease
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Hazy or cloudy synovial fluid indicates
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inflammatory joint disease
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Cloudy, milky-white synovial fluid indicates
|
inflammatory joint disease.
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Normal synovial fluid is
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scanty, and straw-colored
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Compartment syndrome is signaled by
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deep, throbbing pain
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Fat embolism is signaled
|
by shortness of breath, chest pain, and confusion.
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Osteomyelitis is signaled by symptoms of systemic infection
|
including chills, fever, and general malaise
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Thrombophlebitis
|
has mostly nonspecific symptoms, including pain and edema.
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trousseau sign
|
squeeze arm
|
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Ulcerative colitis is
|
an inflammatory disease of digestion
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Crohn's disease
|
is a disease of digestion and elimination
|
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|
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Degenerative joint disease
|
is osteoarthritis, which is a wear-and-tear disease.
|
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|
|
a fat embolism
|
is confirmed by obtaining blood gases
|
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|
|
Diazoxide
|
is a systemic vasodilator that is usually given parenterally in hypertensive emergencies
|
|
|
|
Furosemide is a diuretic
|
used in the general treatment of hypertension
|
|
|
|
Heparin is an anticoagulant
|
that is given intravenously when quick prevention of thrombus formation is needed.
|
|
|
|
Warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
|
is an anticoagulant sometimes used in the treatment of transient ischemic attacks. It is not given intravenously
|
|
|
|
C5 is one of the lower cervical vertebrae
|
This patient may be able to regain some use of the hands with appropriate equipment will not have sufficient hand function to drive a car with hand controls.
|
|
|
|
the classic sign of Parkinson's disease
|
Pill-rolling tremors
|
|
|
|
Huntington's disease
|
Repetitive blinking
|
|
|
|
Repetitive blinking
|
trigeminal neuralgia
|
|
|
|
A patient with Parkinson's disease
|
will have a shuffling gait
|
|
|
|
a patient having a seizure.
|
Nothing should be placed between the teeth Pillows should be removed from the bed The patient having a seizure should not be restrained A lateral position allows draining of fluids during the seizure
|
|
|
|
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
|
is an osmotic diuretic that dehydrates brain tissue.
|
|
|
|
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
|
is a potassium-sparing diuretic
|
|
|
|
Warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
|
is an anticoagulant sometimes used in the treatment of transient ischemic attacks
|
|
|
|
frontal lobe
|
concentration, memory, motor function, and speech.
|
|
|
|
occipital lobe
|
interpretation of visual information.
|
|
|
|
parietal lobe
|
sensory information and spatial orientation.
|
|
|
|
temporal lobe
|
hearing and integration of sensory information.
|
|
|
|
Parkinson's disease
|
Loss of pigmented neurons
|
|
|
|
Increase in the serum uric acid level
|
gout
|
|
|
|
Smiling and laughing
|
frontal lobe of the cerebrum
|
|
|
|
Computed tomography (CT) scan
|
used to confirm brain lesions and spinal injuries.
|
|
|
|
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
|
diagnose the cause of seizure disorders, coma, or organic brain syndrome.
|
|
|
|
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
evaluating disease of the brain and spinal cord. diagnose multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
|
Tensilon test, performed by injecting edrophonium chloride intravenously and watching for an immediate response of the facial muscles
|
confirms a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
|
|
|
|
initial symptoms of bacterial meningitis
|
Headache and fever
|
|
|
|
bacterial meningitis
|
neurological status should be assessed continuously.
|
|
|
|
Dilantin
|
overgrowth of the gums, and meticulous dental hygiene is important.
|
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
Position sense
|
|
|
|
Short-term memory loss
|
associated with aging, rather than with brain injury.
|
|
|
|
occipital lobe
|
Visual interpretation
|
|
|
|
frontal lobe
|
affect, judgment, personality, and inhibitions
|
|
|
|
Improved gas exchange
|
lateral or semiprone position. This is the choice immediately after the surgery, until the patient regains consciousness.
|
|
|
|
C4 is the cervical (neck) area spinal cord injury
|
Paraplegia
|
|
|
|
transection at level C4
|
usually results in quadriplegia
|
|
|
|
care of a Penrose drain requires
|
placement of dressings around and over the drain.
|
|
|
|
acetaminophen poisoning.
|
Increased prothrombin time
|
|
|
|
purpose of skin grafting
|
Preventing contractures
|
|
|
|
elastic pressure garment
|
reduce hypertrophic scarring by helping to restructure collagen
|
|
|
|
purpose of the fluid replacement therapy that is chosen for the patient with burns
|
Maintaining fluid balance
|
|
|
|
Sidelying position
|
allows fluids to drain freely from the patient's mouth and nose.
|
|
|
|
Pain at the midsternum during a heavy meal
|
should be investigated as the chest pain of angina pectoris.
|
|
|
|
gallstones
|
Epigastric pain after eating fatty foods
|
|
|
|
suitable food for a patient with ulcerative colitis.
|
low in residue
|
|
|
|
Antidiuretic hormone secretion is affected by both anesthetics and surgical processes
|
placing the patient at risk for imbalances and decreased urinary output.
|
|
|
|
salmonella
|
Nausea and vomiting are initial clinical manifestations
|
|
|
|
mononucleosis
|
Headache and fatigue are initial clinical manifestations
|
|
|
|
shigella
|
Fever and cramping abdominal pain are initial clinical manifestations
|
|
|
|
Norwalk virus
|
Anorexia and malaise are initial clinical manifestations
|
|
|
|
diagnosed through the use of blood studies
|
syphilis
|
|
|
|
most common side effect experienced by children receiving DTaP immunization
|
low grade fever
|
|
|
|
hepatitis A virus transmitted
|
fecal-oral route
|
|
|
|
Swimming in a community pool puts a person at risk for a urinary tract infection (UTI)
|
but the infection is not caused by the fecal-oral transmission.
|
|
|
|
Scratching a mosquito bite
|
puts a person at risk for infection via the bloodborne route or by skin contact.
|
|
|
|
Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB)
|
is given to all infants soon after birth to prevent hepatitis B.
|
|
|
|
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is given routinely
|
to children at 12 to 15 months of age to prevent rubeola (measles).
|
|
|
|
Varicella vaccine,
|
also known as zoster immune globulin
|
|
|
|
Phenozopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium)
|
is a urinary analgesic that exerts a local anesthetic action on the urinary mucosa
|
|
|
|
A streptococcal infection
|
causes damage to the mitral valve of the heart.
|
|
|
|
Rheumatic heart disease, rheumatic fever
|
group A streptococci A bacterial infection
|
|
|
|
anasarca (aunt sarca)
|
is really fat, generalized edema
|
|
