Health And Disease Exam 4 Review

Front 1

What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages?

Back 1

To protect the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is negative

Front 2

What is lung compliance?

Back 2

The ability of the lungs to inflate, and change volume reasonable pressure

Front 3

What is the function of the larynx?

Back 3

Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air.

Front 4

What is the glottis?

Back 4

The opening at the larynx between the vocal cords

Front 5

Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction?

Back 5

It is wider, therefore it is more likely for an obstruction to enter.

Front 6

What supplies blood to the conducting airways?

Back 6

Bronchial circulation

Front 7

What are the two parts of the respiratory system?

Back 7

Conducting airway (supplies the air), and the respiratory tissues (gas exchange occurs. Know that lung gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures.

Front 8

What is the function of the mucociliary blanket?

Back 8

It serves to clean (by trapping dust, etc.) and to moisten air that passes over it.

Front 9

What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature?

Back 9

As the body temp rises, more moisture is added

Front 10

What is the pleural effusion?

Back 10

Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Front 11

Adequate ventilation depends on…?

Back 11

Patent airways, compliant lungs, & lung and atmospheric pressure differences

Front 12

What is the primary muscle that functions during inspiration?

Back 12

Diaphragm (other muscles are accessories)

Front 13

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

Back 13

Most is attached to hemoglobin

Front 14

To what does the PO2 level refer?

Back 14

Plasma O2 levels (the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma)

Front 15

Describe the functions of surface tension on alveoli?

Back 15

Slows the rate of expansion of the alveoli and helps all alveoli expand at the same rate

Front 16

Define vital capacity?

Back 16

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and forced out

Front 17

What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?

Back 17

Direct relation of surface area and rate of gas diffusion

Front 18

Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity?

Back 18

Reduces surface area, therefore reducing diffusing capacity

Front 19

Bicarbonate carries what in the blood?

Back 19

CO2

Front 20

A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by?

Back 20

Increases the amount of water removed, evaporation from increased temperature. Fever increases the respiratory rate, resulting in additional loss of water in the lungs.

Front 21

What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs?

Back 21

Air can only be saturated to ~4% by ratio, but like weather reports, we are using percent saturation. Air in the lungs is 100% saturated at the normal body temperature.

Front 22

Define dyspnea.

Back 22

Difficulty breathing

Front 23

What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 23

Adult respiratory distress is characterized by widespread atelectasis, loss of surfactant, interstial, formation of hyaline membrane. Impaired gas diffusion

Front 24

What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate?

Back 24

They have been exposed and sensitized to tuberculosis (possibly from immunization)

Front 25

What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis?

Back 25

Check for boosted response to the first test

Front 26

What are the symptoms of influenza?

Back 26

Fever, chills, general malaise

Front 27

What is the pleura?

Back 27

Covering of the lungs

Front 28

What is spontaneous pneumothorax?

Back 28

A collapse of a portion of the lung not caused by outside influences

Front 29

Define tension pneumothorax.

Back 29

A collapse of a portion of the lung caused by a side shift of the mediastinum to the other side. (caused by an injury or other outside influence).

Front 30

What agent causes pneumonia?

Back 30

Streptococcus pneumonia

Front 31

The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what?

Back 31

Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes

Front 32

Define Legionnaire’s Disease.

Back 32

Most common in people with chronic illness, and it consolidates lung tissue. It is preceded by diarrhea, hyponatremia (low sodium levels), and confusion. Outbreaks of Legionnaire's can be traced to air conditioning cooling towers and evaporative condensers.

Front 33

Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS.

Back 33

Pneumocystis carinii (not bacterial, but fungus)

Front 34

The common cold is transmitted via…

Back 34

Fingers

Front 35

What virus is responsible for the common cold?

Back 35

Rhinoviruses, perainfluenza viruses, and RSV (respiratory syncytial viruses), adenoviruses

Front 36

What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis?

Back 36

Slender and rod shaped, do not spore, waxy coat that contains acid/red die; and they are aerobes (use the oxygen environment in the lungs, as opposed to anaerobes)

Front 37

How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs?

Back 37

They dry the bronchial secretions

Front 38

Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they…

Back 38

Sinuses have low oxygen concentration, and many organisms favor this

Front 39

What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to the atmospheric pressure?

Back 39

Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure

Front 40

What happens to the trachea’s position during a tension pneumothorax?

Back 40

It deviates from its normal position

Front 41

Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties?

Back 41

Impaired gas diffusion, and lungs become stiff and do not inflate easily

Front 42

What are signs of hypercapnia (increases carbon dioxide in blood)?

Back 42

Headache, flushed skin, conjunctival hyperemia (abnormally high amount of blood in eyes)

Front 43

Define hyperventilation.

Back 43

Higher than normal ventilation rate, which will cause a decrease in blood CO2 levels

Front 44

What is empyema?

Back 44

A special pleural effusion in which the pleural cavity fills with pus

Front 45

What is atelectasis?

Back 45

Part of the lung does not expand completely

Front 46

What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack?

Back 46

Increases as air is trapped and cannot contribute to vital capacity

Front 47

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Back 47

Small airway obstruction during expiratory phase of ventilations. COPD is a group of disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis) characterized by presence of airflow obstruction.

Front 48

Emphysema affects what part of the lungs?

Back 48

Air space abnormally enlarges with destruction of alveolar walls

Front 49

Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen?

Back 49

• Chemoreceptors for blood O2 would infer high O2 and reduce breathing stimuli. High concentrations suppress the CO2 chemoreceptors which provide the main stimulus for ventilation

Front 50

What happens to the lungs during asbestosis?

Back 50

Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue