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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to Plato, who is a perfectly unjust man? |
doing whatever they want, but appear to be just |
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According to Plato, who is a perfectly just man? |
he would never do anything bad, but everyone would think he is a bad person |
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What is Glycon's thought on the invisible ring? |
Why should we choose the life of a perfectly just person if we can do whatever want and be praised? |
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What does Socrates think about doing whatever you want? |
doing unjust corrupts your soul |
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How are we humans complex? |
we desire something, but a part of us says not to and restrains ourselves |
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According to Socrates, what are the three parts of us? |
desire, rational, and spirt part of soul |
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According to Aristotle, what is happiness? |
- is pleasure (malleable and changeable) - happiness is something you do for yourself - you have to do the activity - if not, you do not get the benefit - doing that activity in excellence - you NEED friends |
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Aristotle vs. Plato on happiness |
-Plato believes you do not need external goods -Aristotle believes you need your basic needs like friends |
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Epicurus on HAPPINESS |
- GOAL IN LIFE= happiness - Happiness is pleasure and lack of pain |
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According to Epicurus, what is the relationship between all actions and pleasure? |
- all actions are aimed @ pleasure |
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According to Epicurus, can pleasure bring negative side effects? |
Yes, some kind of pleasure can bring negative side effects (ex. drinking lots of alcohol) |
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According to Epicurus, why do we try to achieve pleasure? |
We want to achieve pleasure as a tranquility and limitation of desire |
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According to Epicurus, what is his thought on having everything you want? |
to have everything you want = to limit what you want |
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According to Epicurus, what is unhappiness? |
Unhappiness is having desires that are not achievable |
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According to Epicurus, how should you prevent unhappiness? |
You should manage your desires and only choose the ones that can get fulfilled |
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According to Epicurus, why are many people are unhappy? |
- because they desire way more than they need - ex. I do not want to eat regular food...I want richer foods. |
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According to Epicurus, what is the key to happiness? |
to minimize desires and limit them |
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What is Epicurus' thoughts on death? |
-We shouldn't be afraid of death - For all good and evil consists in sensation, but death is the deprivation of sensation - Since pain is the only thing bad, once you are dead, you dont have to feel anything anymore - death cannot harm you because you do not feel anything and evil can't get to you anymore |
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What is Epicurus' thought on the "fear of judgement"? |
we shouldn't worry about the Gods |
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According to Epicurus, what will happen if we get rid of fear of death and judgement of God? |
you will have tranquility |
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According to Epicurus, what reason does he think we do everything for? |
- everything you do= always for the sake of pleasure - all of us automatically seek pleasure at the highest |
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According to Epicurus, what is the ultimate goal? |
- pleasure for only oneself - personal pleasure |
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What is the goal of happiness? |
seen in avoiding pain and fear |
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What is pleasure? |
is the standard by which we judge eery good |
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What if you are doing a bad action but brings a bad pleasure? |
ex. getting pleasure at looking in a children's cancer ward -Aristotle would say this is wrong |
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What are the different kinds of desires? |
- natural and necessary desire - vain desire - natural and non-necessary desire |
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What is a natural and necessary desire? |
- easy to desire because there's a natural limit (ex. know when to stop eating) - ex. food, shelter, drink, sex |
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What is a vain desire? |
- power, fame, wealth - difficult to desire because there is no natural limit - never reach the sensation point - should be eliminated because there is going to be no satisfaction which will result in desire frustration and always in pain |
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What is a natural and non-necessary desire? |
- ex. desire for luxury foods, designer clothes, luxury home -we are going to be happier if we have modest desires |
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According to Epicurus, what are virtues? |
- as a means to pleasure |
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According to Epicurus, what are the benefits of being a virtuous person? |
- if you are virtuous person, we are more able to reach desires and away of trouble |
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Who does Epicurus agree with? |
- agrees with Socrates and Aristotle...justice is needed for |
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What does Epicurus disagree with them on? |
- justice is just handy - if you have the invisible ring, Epicurus says go for it |
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What is Seneca's philosophy of? |
philosophy of self-reliance |
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According to Seneca, what is being happy? |
living in accordance in human nature and accordance of reason |
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According to Seneca, what shouldn't we be guided by? |
PLEASURE |
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According to Seneca, what should we do first in order to achieve happiness? |
- need to think deeply on what happiness is - DO NOT follow the crowd because majority can be wrong |
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According to Seneca, what is happiness? |
- life lived with accordance - teaches us not be dependent on outside things and things that are not in our control |
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According to Seneca, what should we base our happiness on? |
our control |
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What are the three essential things we must have to achieve happiness? |
1. we must have a sound mind 2. courageous and energetic - we need to be tough - ready for emergency -careful of the body 3. we must need self-reliance - must be attentive to all advantages |
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According to Seneca, what is the recipe for failure? |
depending on others for happiness and giving our happiness to others |
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According to Seneca, who are the ones to determine our own happiness? |
ourselves |
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According to Seneca, what are things that are not in our power? |
- pleasure and pain - so let it go! |
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According to Seneca, what are things we control? |
- will, judgement on what is good and evil |
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Who does Seneca contradict? |
Epicurus |
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What does Seneca disagree on with this philosopher? |
-disagree with pleasure being ultimate guide and goal - Epicurus' highest good can be used with animals, so Seneca believes we are different because we are human |
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What does Seneca believe instead? |
-if you believe pleasure= ultimate goal then you won't have control at all - if pleasure comes, cool, if not, then cool - pleasure just comes along - what we should do is what reason does |
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What is the highest good for Stoics? |
- if our mind has integrity, then we will be a master of what is outside of (echoing Plato) - harmony of the soul and personal integrity and ordinally in ourselves = HIGHEST GOOD |
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What are the Stoics searching for? |
the good of man |
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According to Seneca, what is the highest reward? |
VIRTUE |
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According to Seneca, why should we seek this highest reward? |
because it is what you control |
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According to Seneca, what does this highest reward results in? |
results in inflexibility of an unyielding mind (you are solid) and its freedom, harmony, beauty |
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What is Seneca's view on pleasure? |
- nothing to seek and not a goal - accepted as a side effect |
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Why does Seneca believe reason is important? |
the more reason you have, the more freer you are |
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What is virtue for Stoics? |
an intrinsic good (a good for its own sake, not leading to something else) |
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What is virtue for Epicureans? |
-more of a mean -instrument good (something that leads to something else) that allows you to have more pleasure |
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What is pleasure for Epicureans? |
an intrinsic good |
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What is pleasure for Stoics? |
- pleasure= a little suspect/dangerous - not intrinsically good - can lead to weakly, broken, losing his manhood - the more you need pleasure, the ore you need more and more to be satisfied |
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According to Seneca, when is pleasure ok? |
fine so long it is a side effect of a virtuous action - ex. goal of working out = to be healthy and sweating= side effect |
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According to Seneca, why does virtue lead the way? |
- if you don't have pleasure, you're sad - if you have to much, you are overwhelmed |
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What does Seneca mean by "captured pleasures become new captors" (49) ? |
- you are a slave to your pleasure - pleasure needs to be governed otherwise it takes over |
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What is Seneca's views on suffering? |
- it is a part of life - to be born is to suffer - we should embrace suffering - we will live in a virtuous way - at least if you have courage, you can deal with suffering |
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What is the Stoic result? |
to be tough in the force of suffering |
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According to Seneca, who should we obey to be free? |
"to obey God is freedom" - it was the Divine that gave us the reason - if we obey God, we are free - but if you are virtuous and a courageous -filled person, they will have happiness regardless of suffering |
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According to Seneca, what is good and evil? |
a virtue and vice |
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According to Seneca, what happens if you have virtue? |
- other things are not important - if u are perfect in virtue, you are virtuous and aren't desiring anything else and are secured |
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Who do the Stoics disagree on about external goods and happiness? |
Aristotle - he believes that we need external circumstances |
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What does Stoics believe instead on using external goods for happiness? |
ideal person doesn't let anything outside control his happiness - ex. placing happiness in the presidency election - Stoics would say you are foolish because you are giving your happiness to other people |
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"The How of Happiness": what is Sonja Lyubomirsky's definition of happiness? |
"Experience of joy, contentment and positive well-being, combined with a sense that on's life is good, meaningful and worthwhile." |
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What is myth #1 of happiness? |
Happiness must be "found" - ex. "I'll be happy when I'm married." |
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What is myth #2 of happiness? |
Happiness in changing our circumstances - ex. "I will be happy if..." |
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What is myth #3 of happiness? |
Either you have it or you don't |
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What is the Hedonic Adaptation? |
Less and less pleasure from initially thrilling experiences - seeking happiness in external goods is not a recipe of happiness |
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Materialism |
- gets in the way of happiness - personal worth= personal possessions - loves things, use people |
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What is upward social comparison? |
-idea that comparing ourselves to other things too much -"I'm not good enough" - undermines happiness |
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What is intentional activity? |
- 40% vs. 10% - What we do is 4 x more important than our circumstances |
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What is Augustine known as? |
the skeptic |
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How does Augustine reject the Stoic view? |
Augustine believes that we must live and choose on some standard, so neutrality in actual choice is impossible and immpratical |
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How does Augustine accept some Platonic views? |
- Platonists thought an ideal person was aware of the philosophy of God - God was creator of substances - Platonists prepare the way of conversion |
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How does Augustine reject the Platonic view on wrongdoings? |
-Platonists held that all wrongdoing was the result of ignorance - Plato thought that people who do wrong are ignorant because who would want to harm themselves? - Augustine said that this happens to him and doesn't agree with Plato because some people knowingly do wrongdoings |
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How does Augustine disagree with the Platonic view on the body? |
- Plato believes that the body was a prison for the soul or the enemy of the soul and freedom - Augustine rejets the Platonist view of the boyd because it is not the body that chooses evil, it is the will. - ex. when you kick someone, you can't blame your foot...you are choosing the action...your will makes our body do something |
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What is Augustine's view on the body? |
body= a good thing because the body and soul is reunited - if the body is so bad, then why was Jesus reincarnated? |
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How does Augustine accepts some Aristotelean views? |
- the importance of activity in accordance with virtue - the goodness of the body and material goods - the importance of friends for happiness |
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How does Augustine rejects some Aristotelean views? |
- A believes most important virtue = LOVE - without love, happiness cannot be attained |
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What is the most important virtue according to Augustine? |
LOVE |
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What is the most important virtue according to Aristotle? |
pratical wisdom (ex. courage) |
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According to Augustine, not only can we gain virtues by acquisition, but also by... |
infusion (virtue can be infused, but not perfect |
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How does Augustine agree with Epicureans? |
- pleasure = a powerful motivator - friendship is absolutely a key to happiness |
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How does Augustine disagree with Epicureans? |
- pleasure = not the only thing worth living - we do have other motivations (ex. $$) |
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How does Augustine accept some Stoic views? |
- self-sufficiency= key to happiness |
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How does Augustine reject some Stoic views? |
- rejects implicit body-self dualism - rejects apathy or passionless idea |
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According to Augustine, what is an ideal person? |
someone who likes Jesus because Jesus experiences all types of emotions |
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According to Augustine, what is wanting happiness? |
- desiring what you do not possess - desire = unsatisfied "No person is happy who does not possess what he wants" |
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According to Augustine, what is possessing happiness? |
- obtaining, using, and having the object in question - possession does not mean happiness |
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According to Augustine, what is enjoying happiness? |
- possession of what is actually good |
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According to Augustine, what is happiness? |
enjoying a good that we love |
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What is Augustine's view on sexuality? |
- body and soul is not in perfect harmony because of the fall - sex and marriage is good but we love these things in a disordered way because of the pleasure she was giving him - autonomous sexual arousal = a sign of body and soul in harmony |
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What are Augustine's view on money, fame and power? |
they don't satisfy oneself |
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According to Augustine, what good will last? |
- a lasting good cannot be taken away - w/out bad side effects - fulfills the minor's desire ot now the truth - fulfills will's desire for good - immaculately and spectacularly beautiful - "you have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our hearts are restless until they rest in you" |
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Who does Augustine still resist? |
God |
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According to Augustine, where is happiness found in? |
found in love of the highest truth, the perfect good, the immaculate beauty |
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All things are to be loved in due order... |
1. God 2. Human beings 3. Things |
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According to Augustine, will happiness be always perfect? |
No, it will be imperfect and fragile - Ex. friends are important in happiness, but they are vulnerable and fragile |
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"The punishment for sin is sin" (Augustine) |
- all sin is a disordered love (a love that undermines our happiness) - loving God and people too much while loving money, power and pleasure too much -ex. loving to drink and getting drunk then going drunk driving and killing people...you need to love the human beings around |
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Human-Divine Mediator (Augustine) |
- since God and human beings are so different, a mediator b/w the two is needed - Jesus= wisdom of God, so the perfect philosopher is a Christian |
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What does Augustine think about Jesus? |
- A think Jesus said a lot of things that think he is Divine - If this is true, then Jesus= Lord or he might be a liar or when he really think he is Divine, he might be a lunatic |
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Who does Aquinas draw on the thinking of notion of happiness from? |
Aristotle |
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According to Aquinas, what are the characteristics of happiness? |
- natural end of all means - flourishing / fulfills us as a human being |
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According to Aquinas, what is good involved with? |
having the skills, not just getting the honor |
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According to Aquinas, what is artificial wealth? |
- what you use as a mean for a natural wealth -ex. you need $$(artificial wealth) for food(natural wealth) |
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According to Aquinas, why does Aquinas think money doesn't give us happiness? |
- Riches are only desired for the sake of something ease - they provide no good of themselves but only when we use them - the highest good is desired for its own sake and not for the sake of something else |
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According to Aquinas, what is the most important thing we want? |
LOVE |
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What is Aquinas' view on worldly power? |
-He agrees with the Stoics - he believes putting your happiness in other things and people you can't control is foolish - Aquinas wants a happiness that cannot be found in worldly power |
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What is Aquinas' view on the goodness of body as happiness? |
-perfect health - not true... because this idea is comparing to animals -there are animals that can surpass our ability, therefore, it is not enough for happiness |
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According to Aquinas, does happiness lie in senses? |
No |
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According to Aquinas, why are moral virtues not enough for happiness? |
- moral virtues are means to an end - virtues are for the sake of something else |
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According to Aquinas, what is the one thing that can bring us perfect happiness? |
- in order for us to be happy, we need to know the truth - our mindset is restless and is always thinking about the truth |
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According to Aquinas, what do we humans want in life? |
- our mind wants the truth - will want a perfect good - our heart seeks perfect love
- no person/thing can provide this for u |
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According to Aquinas, what is perfect happiness? |
God |
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According to Aquinas, when is our heart restless? |
when it is placed to the God |
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What is the two premises of the Cosmological Argument? |
1. whatever begins to exist has a cause 2. universe begin to exists, therefore, a universe has a cause |
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How does Gratitude boosts happiness? |
by savoring the positive |
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What else does Gratitude boosts? |
self-worth and self-esteem |
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How does Gratitude help in an economical way? |
- increased gratitude = more increased work done |
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What are the benefits of practicing gratitude? |
- helps by coping with stress and trauma - encourages good behavior - strengthens good relationships |
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What are some health benefit of gratitude? |
- high levels of vitality, optimism, and less depression - improved sleep - reduced heart disease |
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How does gratitude help boost well-being? |
- inhibits invidious social comparison - makes us not take for granted of the things we have |
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How does gratitude prevent Hedonic Adaptation from being successful? |
- gratitude makes you get used to what you have - being grateful doesn't make you want more than you already have |
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What are the benefits of optimism? |
- increased effort to reach goals - helps us cope with things - positive mood and morale |
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What is negative self-rumination? |
- overthinking - occurs when you compare yourselves to others - to compare is to despair |
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Strategies for avoiding overthinking: |
- distractions - cold showers (it shocks you...not thinking about worries) - write about it to yourself - cut down on social media - cut down on advertising exposure - cut down on media overall |
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According to Hobbes, what should we give up and who should we give up this thing to? |
we should give up my right to hurt someone (private revenge) to sovereign |
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According to Hobbes, why should we give up that thing to this? |
it gives you more security and protection |
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According to Hobbes, what is found in our happiness? |
DESIRE |
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How are some desires mistaken? (contradicting Hobbes) |
- ex. we desire something impossible (ex. wanting to be King Louie XIII) - if desires are mistaken, then we should disagree with Hobbes because we can't find our happiness in desire |
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According to Hobbes, what is a good? |
- a good is anything we desire |
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According to Hobbes, what can lead to war? |
even though we all have separate desires, the more power and ability we have to notice our particular desires... this can cause war |
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According to Hobbes, what is a life of a man? |
- solitary(ex. growing your own food), poor, nasty, brutish, and short |
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According to Hobbes, how can we avoid this life? |
- we make a contract that will allow us to escape - binding ourselves together and give up our personal desires -we lose our right of private retaliation and judgement, but you gain greater security because everyone's on the same boat |
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According to Hobbes, what is justice? |
justice is an instrumentally good (opposite from Plato) |
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According to Hobbes, what type of person do you have to be in order to be happy? |
a just person |
