Hallucinogens

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General effects of hallucinogens

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1)These agents produce profound changes in thought patterns and mood

2) with little effects on brain stem and spinal cord.

3) They induce altered perceptual states reminiscent of dreams.

4) They are accompanied by visions of bright colorful changes in the environment5) by a plasticity of constantly changing shapes and color.

6) The individual under theinfluence of these drugs are incapable of good normal decision making.

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Classification of hallucinogens

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Hallucinogensare divided into 2 broad groups:a. Those that closely resemble known neurotransmitters e.g. LSD/psilocybin which resemble 5-HT, mescaline which resembles amphetamines, b. Those not related to monoamine neurotransmitters=> cannabis and phecyclidine.

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LSD is known as

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lysergic Acid Diethylamide

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MOA of LSD

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produces it psychedelic effect by serving as a potent partial agonist at 5-HT2A receptor enhancing glutamatergic transmission onto pyramidal neurons

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Effects of LSD

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colorful hallucinations, mood alterations, sleep disturbances and anxiety.

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Side effects of LSD

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tachycardia, increased temperature, dizziness, decreased appetite,sweating, loss of judgement and impaired reasoning, extreme panic , suicide

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Source of Marijuana

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cannabis plant (cannabis sativa).

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The main psychoactive alkaloid in CBS

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9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

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MOA of marijuana

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acts through antagonism of CB1 (cannabinoid) receptor to producepsychedelic effect.

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Effects of marijuana

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1)physical relaxation

2) increased appetite (hyperphagia),

3) increased heart rate,4) decreased muscle coordination

5) conjuctivitis

6) less hallucinations when compared with LSD.

7) It acts on GABA in the hippocampus to cause amnesia.

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Side effects of marijuana

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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis,Increase progression of HIV and breast cancer, exacerbation of mental illness

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Uses of marijuana

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chemo-induced nausea and vomitting, chronic pain, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma andanxiety, increase appetite.

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MOA of Rimonabant

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Rimonabant is an inverse agonist of the CB1 receptor that behaves like an antagonist of cannabinoids.

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Use of rimonabant

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smoking cessation and to facilitate weight loss

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Why is rimonabant no longer in use

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It causes severe depression carrying a substantial risk of suicide

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Synthetic Cannabinoids are also called

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Spice or K2

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Difference between synthetic Cannabinoids and natural ones

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1) lts molecular structure is different from cannabinoids found in marijuana plants.

2) Effects are 800 times greaterthan cannabis.

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MOA of phenycyclidine

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NMDA receptor antagonist and DA, 5-HT & NE reuptake inhibitor.

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Phencyclidine is also known as

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Angel dust or PCP

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Side effects of phencyclidine

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seizure, coma, addiction, increased suicidal risk.

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Source of psilocybin

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Mushrooms

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Side effects of psilocybin

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euphoria, visual and mental hallucinations, distorted sense of time, panic attacks

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MOA of mescalin

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Same as LSD