Group Processes

Front 1

biased sampling

Back 1

The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information) information known by only one or a few group members.

Front 2

brainstorming

Back 2

A technique that attempts to increase production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others' contributions.

Front 3

collective effort model

Back 3

The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value.

Front 4

deindividuiation

Back 4

A cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony take priority over personal goals.

Front 5

distraction–conflict theory

Back 5

A theory that the presence of others will produce social faciliation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict.

Front 6

escalation effect

Back 6

The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made.

Front 7

evluation apprehension theory

Back 7

The theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators.

Front 8

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT)

Back 8

A strategy for unilateral and persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties.

Front 9

group

Back 9

A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity.

Front 10

group cohesiveness

Back 10

The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals.

Front 11

group polarization

Back 11

The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion.

Front 12

group support systems

Back 12

Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work, and decision–making processes.

Front 13

groupthink

Back 13

A group decision–making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence.

Front 14

integrative agreement

Back 14

A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources.

Front 15

mere presence theory

Back 15

The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social faciliation effects.

Front 16

prisoner's dilemma

Back 16

A type of dilemma in which one party must make cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one's self–interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated.

Front 17

process gain

Back 17

The increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group.

Front 18

process loss

Back 18

The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group proc

Front 19

resource dilemma

Back 19

Social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource.

Front 20

social dilemma

Back 20

A situation in which a self–interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone.

Front 21

social facilitation

Back 21

A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks.

Front 22

social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)

Back 22

A model of group behaviour that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity.

Front 23

social loafing

Back 23

A group–produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled.

Front 24

transactive memory

Back 24

A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone.