Gross - Spring - Equine And Ruminant Liver And Stomach - Mt2

Front 1

What is the parietal surface of the spleen in contact with? What ribs of the equine does it course behind?

Back 1

Courses obliquely cranioventrally from the last 3-4 ribs to the ventral third of the 9th-12th intercostal spaces
Parietal surface is in contact with the diaphragm

Front 2

What are 4, 6, and 7 of this equine spleen?

Back 2

Gastrosplenic ligament (4)
Between the hilus of the spleen and greater curvature of the stomach
Renosplenic (nephroslplenic) ligament (6)
Between the spleen and left kidney
Phrenicosplenic ligament (7)
Between the spleen and left crus of the diaphragm

Front 3

What is the visceral surface of the ruminant spleen in contact with? What ribs does the dorsal extremity lie under? What are the dorsal and ventral parts attached to? Where is the hilus located?

Back 3

Dorsal extremity lies under the dorsal ends of the last two ribs
Visceral surface is in contact with the left side of the rumen
Dorsal part is attached to the left crus of the diaphragm
Ventral part is free
Hilus is dorsally located on the visceral surface

Front 4

What are the lobes of the equine liver? Where is the gall bladder?

Back 4

Right
Quadrate
Left medial
Left lateral
Caudate lobe with caudate process

No gall bladder

Front 5

Where does bile come from in the equine?

Back 5

Bile flows from hepatic ducts to common hepatic duct to major duodenal papilla

Front 6

Is there a papillary process of the caudate lobe of the equine liver?

Back 6

No

Front 7

What is embedded in the parietal surface of the equine liver?

Back 7

Caudal vena cava embedded in diaphragmatic surface (another name for parietal surface)

Front 8

What are the impressions of the visceral surface (5) of the equine liver?

Back 8

Hilus/porta – portal v., hepatic a., hepatic nn., common hepatic duct, lymphatic vessels
Gastric impression
Duodenal impression
Colic impression
-In contact with the diaphragmatic flexure and right dorsal colon
Cecal impression
-In contact with the cranial part of the base of the cecum

Front 9

What are the impressions of the dorsal border (2) of the equine liver?

Back 9

Renal impression
-In contact with the right kidney

Esophageal impression

Front 10

Where are the triangular ligaments of the equine liver found?

Back 10

Right – between right liver lobe and costal part of the diaphragm
Left – between left liver lobe and central tendon of diaphragm

Front 11

What does the coronary ligament connect? Where does it course between?

Back 11

Connects liver to diaphragm
Courses between triangular ligaments

Front 12

Where does the falciform ligament of the equine liver attach? What does it contain? Where does it extend to?

Back 12

Attaches the quadrate and left
medial liver lobes to the sternal
part of the diaphragm and floor
of abdomen
Contains the round ligament of
the liver

extends to the umbilicus

Front 13

Where does the hepatorenal ligament of the equine liver attach?

Back 13

Attaches caudate process to
right kidney and base of cecum

Front 14

What are the boundaries for liver biopsy in the horse?

Back 14

Right side
Line between tuber coxae and olecranon
Line between tuber coxae and point of shoulder
Between ribs 11 and 14

Front 15

To which side is the bovine liver displaced?

Where are its lobes located?

Back 15

Liver displaced to the right of the median plane - the whole liver has just been shifted to the right.

Right lobe is caudodorsal
Left lobe is cranioventral

Front 16

What are the lobes of the bovine liver?

Back 16

Right
Quadrate
Left
Caudate with caudate and papillary processes

Front 17

What lobes of the liver does the bovine gall bladder course between?

Back 17

Gall bladder is located between the right and quadrate lobes

Front 18

What is the ligament of the diaphragmatic surface of the bovine liver?

Back 18

Falciform ligament (13) is attached to the diaphragmatic surface from the esophageal impression to the notch for the round ligament of the liver

Front 19

What is the area attached to the diaphragm devoid of serous covering of the bovine liver?

Back 19

(16)
The area nuda

Front 20

What are the ligaments of the ruminant liver?

Back 20

Triangular ligaments
Right (7) – between right liver lobe and dorsal abdominal wall
Left (14) – between esophageal impression and diaphragm ventral to the esophageal hiatus

Coronary ligament (21)
Connects liver to diaphragm
Courses between triangular ligaments

Falciform ligament (13)
Attached to the diaphragmatic surface of liver from esophageal impression to the notch for the round ligament of the liver – courses to the diaphragm
Contains the round ligament of the liver

Hepatorenal ligament
Attaches caudate process to the ventral surface of the right kidney

Front 21

What makes up the bile system of the bovine liver?

Back 21

Gall bladder
Hepatic ducts
Cystic duct
Bile duct

Front 22

What are the Boundaries for liver biopsy in the ox?

Back 22

Right side
Intersection of the 11th intercostal space and a line drawn from the olecranon to the tuber coxae

Front 23

What are the glandular distributions of the bovine stomach?

Back 23

Rumen, reticulum and omasum are nonglandular

Front 24

What are the glandular distributions of the equine stomach?

Back 24

see

Front 25

What is the capacity of the equine stomach?

Back 25

5-15 L

Front 26

What is the parietal surface of the equine stomach in contact with?

What about the visceral surface?

Back 26

Parietal surface
In contact with the diaphragm and liver

Visceral surface
In contact with the terminal part of the ascending colon, pancreas, descending colon, small intestine and greater omentum

Front 27

What is the area dorsal to the cardia of the equine stomach called?

Back 27

fundus or saccus cecus.

Front 28

Name these equine stomach areas.

Back 28

1. Esophagus
2. Cardia
3. Fundus (saccus cecus, blind sac)
4. Margo plicatus (marginal fold)
5. Body
6. Pyloric region
7. Pylorus

Front 29

What are the gastric ligaments in the horse?

Back 29

Gastrophrenic ligament
Connects greater curvature of the stomach from the cardia to the left side with the crura of the diaphragm.

Gastrosplenic ligament
Courses from the left region of the greater curvature of the stomach to the hilus of the spleen
Is continuous ventrally with the greater omentum

Front 30

What are the anatomical reasons why it is difficult for the horse to vomit? (5)

Back 30

Tunica muscularis in the distal 1/5 of the esophagus is twice as thick as in other regions of the esophagus forming a strong lower esophageal sphincter.

Tunica muscularis in distal 1/5 of esophagus is entirely smooth muscle and is, therefore, not under voluntary control.

Esophagus enters stomach at an oblique angle. When pressure within the stomach increases, the cardia closes tighter.

Stomach does not touch the ventral abdominal wall. It is situated dorsal to the ventral and dorsal portions of the ascending colon. Abdominal muscular contractions associated with vomiting will first be absorbed by the ascending colon.

Saccus cecus and pyloric antrum are positioned cranial to the cardia. Gastric contractions are more likely to force contents into these two regions rather than through the cardia.

Front 31

What does the greater omentum of the horse connect?

What is the omental bursa?

Where are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen? What's the clinical signifigance of this foramen?

Back 31

Greater omentum
-Connects the greater curvature of the stomach and the initial part of the duodenum with the terminal part of the large colon and initial part of the small colon (which connect to the dorsal body wall)

Omental bursa
-Located between the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum

Epiploic foramen
-Dorsal boundary – caudate process of liver and caudal vena cava
-Ventral boundary – pancreas, hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatic portal vein
-Small Intestine could go through this foramen into the bursa

Front 32

What does the lesser omentum in the horse connect? What are its ligaments?

Back 32

Connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum with the liver
Hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament

Front 33

Name A, B, C, D

Back 33

A. Rumen
B. Reticulum
C. Omasum
D. Abomasum

Front 34

What are the capacities of the ox and small ruminant stomachs?

Back 34

Ox - 60L or more
Small ruminant - 15-18 L

Front 35

What are the three parts of the gastric groove?

Back 35

The reticular groove (25) is located between the cardia (24) and the reticulo-omasal orifice (28)
The omasal groove is located between the reticulo-omasal and omasoabomasal orifices
Abomasal groove

Front 36

What are 1-6?

Back 36

1. Left lip of the reticular groove
2. Right lip of the reticular groove
3. Cardia
4. Reticulo-omasal orifice
5. Wall of reticulum
6. Ruminoreticular fold

Front 37

What are the intraruminal and ruminoreticular orifices of the bovine rumen?

Back 37

Intraruminal orifice – opening between dorsal and ventral sacs of the rumen

Ruminoreticular orifice – opening between rumen and reticulum

Front 38

What is the area of the rumen that the reticulum opens into? How is it different from the rumenoreticular orifice?

Back 38

atriumventriculi - which is the general dorsal region between the rumen and reticulum

The rumenoreticular orifice is the entire opening.

Front 39

Where is the insula of the bovine rumen?

Back 39

Between right accessory pillar and right longitudinal pillar

Front 40

What are the four ways in which the small ruminant rumen differ from the large animal rumen?

Back 40

Sheep and goat – ventral sac is relatively larger and extends more to the right of the median plane than in the ox

Caudoventral blind sac more extensive than caudodorsal blind sac

Left longitudinal groove does not connect with caudal groove

The dorsal coronary grooves are very short or absent

Front 41

What is the level to find the reticulum? To which side of midline does it lie?
What do the parietal and visceral surfaces of the reticulum contact?

Back 41

Located between 6th and 7th or 8th ribs (just caudal to the diaphram at the 6th rib)
Lies mostly to the left of midline
Parietal surface is in contact with the diaphragm and liver
Visceral surface is in contact with the rumen

Front 42

Is the reticulum relatively larger in the goat and sheep or ox?

Back 42

The reticulum in the sheep and goat is relatively larger than in the ox

Front 43

Why is the reticulum honeycombed?

Back 43

Traps particles that are too small to be regurgitated and need to just go on to the omasum.

Front 44

How many ruminal and reticular contractions per minute?

What are fewer/more per minute called?

Back 44

1-3
Less – ruminal atony
More – hypermotility

Front 45

What stimulates the growth of ruminal papillae?

Back 45

VFAs

Front 46

Which flank can ruminal contractions be seen in?

Back 46

Left

Front 47

At which rib space are reticular contractions?

How many contractions should you feel per minute at the paralumbar fossa?

Back 47

Stick hand in paralumbar fossa, should feel 2 contractions per minute
Reticular contractions – left 6th-7th IC space

Front 48

At what level is the omasum located in the ox? What are the parietal and visceral surfaces in contact with?

Back 48

Located mainly to the right of midline, opposite the 7th-11th ribs
Parietal surface is in contact with the diaphragm, liver and body wall (7th-9th intercostal spaces)
Visceral surface is in contact with the rumen, reticulum and abomasum

Front 49

Is the omasum smaller or larger in the sheep and goat compared to the ox? What level is it located at?

Back 49

Omasum in the sheep and goat is much smaller than the ox; located at 9th-10th ribs and has no contact with the body wall

Front 50

What is the function of the omasum?

Back 50

The omasum is thought to act as a pump transferring material from the reticulum to the abomasum as well as aiding in absorption

Front 51

What do the visceral and parietal walls of the abomasum contact?

What region is the xiphoid region in? What does the body extend between?

Back 51

Parietal surface is in contact with the abdominal floor
Visceral surface is in contact with the rumen and omasum
Fundus is in the xiphoid region
Body extends caudally between ventral sac of the rumen and the omasum lying toward the left of midline

Front 52

At what level is the pylorus of the abomasum located?

What is attached to the lesser curvature of the abomasum? Is the abomasum relatively larger or smaller than that of the ox?

Back 52

Pylorus is at the ventral end of 9th-10th intercostal space
Greater curvature is attached to the superficial layer of the greater omentum
Lesser curvature is attached to the lesser omentum
In the sheep and goat, the abomasum is relatively larger and longer than in the ox

Front 53

How does the bovine abomasum change by age?

What is a common abomasomal ailment?

Back 53

Newborn calf abomasum are huge, soon, it shrinks down. Here we see a bovine at 5 with the abomasum in a normal position with the base pushed to the left by the omasum.

The abomasum can get displaced to the left (more common) or right.

Front 54

What abnormality is this?

Back 54

left displacement of the abomasum

Front 55

What is the epiploic foramen of the ruminant? What are its boundaries?

Back 55

Entrance into omental bursa (16) which is located between superficial (14) and deep (15) layers of the greater omentum
Lateral boundary – caudate process of the liver
Medial boundary – mesoduodenum and pancreas
Dorsal boundary – caudal vena cava
Ventral boundary – hepatoduodenal ligament

Front 56

Where does the lesser omentum of the ruminant course between?

Back 56

Courses between the lesser curvature of the abomasum and liver

Front 57

What are the compartments of the camelid stomach? What percentages of the stomach contents do they hold?

Back 57

(right lateral view shown)
C 1 (cranial sac and caudal sac)
Largest compartment, 83% of contents, fermentation vat, saccules.

C 2
Holds 6% of contents
Mixing and fermentation, saccules

C 3
Holds 11% of contents
Initial 4/5 – similar to the saccules of C1 and C2
Distal 1/5 – acid secretion

Front 58

What are a special feature of the ventral portions of C1 and C2 of the camelid stomach? What is their function?

Back 58

Saccules in the ventral portions of C1 and C2
Contain glands that secrete bicarbonate to buffer contents of C1 and C2 and maintain bacteria and protozoa

Front 59

Is the camelid a ruminant?

Back 59

A pseudo-ruminant

Front 60

What is 10 here of the porcine stomach? It's a unique feature of the porcine stomach.

Back 60

Torus pyloricus

It's a unique feature of the porcine stomach.

Front 61

What are the impressions of the visceral surface of the bovine liver?

Back 61

Visceral surface
Hilus/porta – portal v., hepatic a., hepatic nn., hepatic duct, lymphatic vessels
Omasal impression (q)
Reticular impression (r)
Abomasal impression

Front 62

What are the impressions of the right, ventral and dorsal borders of the bovine liver?

Back 62

Right border
Impression for right kidney (v) and adrenal gland

Ventral border
Gall bladder fossa (more distinct in sheep and goat)
Notch for round ligament (p)

Dorsal border
Groove for caudal vena cava (h)
Esophageal impression (w)

Front 63

What are 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7?

Back 63

Omasoabomasal opening (1)
Fundus (3)
Body (4)
Pyloric region (5)
Torus pyloricus (6)
Pylorus (7)