Gross Anatomy I: The Head

Front 1

Foramen of the Frontal bone?

Back 1

Supraorbital foramen

Front 2

Foramen of the Parietal bone?

Back 2

Parietal foramen (emissary vein)

Front 3

Foramen of the Occipital bone?

Back 3

Foramen magnum
Jugular Tubercle (Posterior aspect of the Jugular foramen)

Front 4

Foramen of the Temporal bone?

Back 4

Stylomastoid Foramen
Jugular process (anterior to Jugular Foramen)
Carotid Foramen
LATERAL margin of the Foramen Lacerum

Front 5

Foramen of the Sphenoid bone?

Back 5

ANTERIOR margin of the Foramen Lacerum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Optic Canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior margin of the Inferior Orbital Fissure

Front 6

What bone are the Superior & Inferior Nasal concha located upon?

Back 6

Ethmoid bone

Front 7

Frontal & Maxillary sinuses have an opening in what bone?

Back 7

Ethmoid bone

Front 8

What foramen are present in the Maxillary bone?

Back 8

Infraorbital Foramen
Incisive Fossa (foramen)
Greater Palatine Foramen

Front 9

The Nasolacrimal duct has its opening on what bone?

Back 9

Inferior nasal concha

Front 10

What foramen are present in the foramen?

Back 10

Mental foramen
Mandibular foramen

Front 11

What bones compose the Pterion?

Back 11

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, & GREATER wing of the Sphenoid

Front 12

What layers form the Scalp Proper (True Scalp)?

Back 12

The First 3 layers:
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (Epicranial aponeurosis / Galea)

Front 13

How many layers does the Scalp Have?

Back 13

5 layers
1. Skin
2. Connective Tissue
3. Aponeurosis (Epicranial aponeurosis / Galea)
4. Loose Connective Tissue
5. Pericranium (Epicranium / Periostium)

Front 14

What layers are part of the Bony scalp itself?

Back 14

Last 2 layers:
Loose Connective Tissue
Pericranium (Epicranium / Periostium)

Front 15

Is the Scalp Vascular?
What type of innervation does it have?

Back 15

Scalp is vascular

Has sensory innervation

Front 16

T/F: The scalp covers the calvaria of the skull.

Back 16

True: Scalp covers CALVERIA of the skull.

Front 17

What regions does the scalp cover? Be Specific with borders

Back 17

Scalp Covers:
- From Superior Nuchal line of OCCIPITAL bone into the Supraorbital Ridge of the FRONTAL bone
- Laterally extends to the Zygomatic arch

Front 18

Does the scalp have lymph nodes?

Where does the scalp drain lymph?

Back 18

No DIRECT lymph nodes

Drains into Precervical Coller? Collar?

Front 19

Precervical collar consists of what lymph nodes?

Back 19

Occipital nodes
Submental nodes
Submandibular nodes
Mastoid Nodes
Retromandibular nodes
Parotid nodes

Front 20

T/F. The Scalp warms the body.

Back 20

False

The scalp is a COOLER of the body because it is HIGHLY Vascularized

Front 21

T/F. The 1st layer of the scalp is very vascular.

Back 21

True. The skin is vascular

Front 22

What does the SKIN of the scalp contain?

Back 22

Blood vessels
Hair follicles (protective fx)
Sweat glands (Saline solution only, no smell)
Sebaceous glands

Front 23

Name the blood supply (arteries) of the SKIN of the scalp.

Back 23

Supratrochlear artery (continuation of facial artery (anastomosis b/w Facial artery & Opthalmic artery)
Supraorbital artery (branch from Opthalmic artery - anastomosis with the Frontal branch of the Superficial Temporal artery)
Parietal artery (from Superficial Temporal Artery from External Carotid artery)
Frontal artery (from Superficial Temporal Artery from External Carotid artery)
Occipital artery (from External Carotid artery)
Posterior auricular artery (from External carotid artery)

Front 24

Describe general characteristics of the 2nd layer of the scalp.

Back 24

Connective Tissue
- Very Vascular
- Highly innervated

Front 25

Name the Nerve fibers innervating the CONNECTIVE TISSUE of the scalp.

Back 25

- POSTERIORLY: Greater occipital nerve (posterior rami of C2)

- POSTEROLATERALLY: Lesser occipital nerve (anterior rami C2 & C3)

- POSTERIOR to the EAR: Auricular branch of Vagus Nerve (CN X) - "Heaving reflex"

- ANTERIOR to the EAR: Auriculotemporal Nerve (a branch from the Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V3))

-ANTERIOR & LATERAL (Just posterior to eye): Zygomaticotemporal br. of the Maxillary div of the Trigeminal N (V2)

-Anteriorly: Supraorbital & Supratrochlear nerves (from Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V1))

Front 26

Describe the third layer of the scalp.

Back 26

Aponeurosis (Epicranial aponeurosis / Galea)
A tough fascia that connects the Frontalis ms. to the Occipitals ms. (Movement)

Front 27

Describe the 4th layer of the scalp.

Back 27

Loose Connective tissue
It's a potential space. It can become INFLAMED with INJURY &/or INFECTION. It allows the "scalp proper" to move freely.

Front 28

Describe the 5th layer of the scalp.

Back 28

Pericranium (Epicranium/Periostium)
A dense tissue that is tightly attached to the skull via the SHARPEY's FIBERS.

Front 29

Ms of facial expression are embedded within the __________ of the face.

Back 29

Subcutaneous fascia

Front 30

Occipitofrontalis muscle

O, I, A

Back 30

O: Occipitalis ms, Posterior aspect of the Epicranial aponeurosis (Galea aponeurosis)

I: Via the aponeurosis into the frontalis ms which attaches to skin of forehead & eyebrows

A: Raise the eyebrow & wrinkle the forehead depending on the active part

Front 31

Procerus ms

O, I, A,

Back 31

O: Form the continuation of the Frontalis ms

I: on the skin over the nasal ridge

A: Wrinkle the skin over the nose & drop medial aspect of eyebrow

Front 32

Orbicularis Oculi ms

O, I, A

Back 32

O: medially from the medial palpebral lig. (Medial canthi)

I: Wraps around Tarsal plates & fans out towards the lateral palpebral lig. (Lateral Canthi)

A: Sphincter for the orbit

Front 33

O: Nasal bone & in part from the orbiuclaris oculi muscle

I: Insertion into the skin of the eyebrow

A: Pulls the eyebrow in & Down

?

Back 33

Corrugator Supercilii Ms

Front 34

?
O: from canine eminence of Maxilla

I: Into dorsum of the nose

A: Opens cartilagenous portion of nose

Back 34

Nasalis Ms

Front 35

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi Ms

O, I, A

What's another name for this ms?

Back 35

O: From maxillary bone just medial & inferior to the infraorbital foramen (Canine eminance)

I: To the upper lip & cartilage of upper nose

A: Elevate the upper lips & nose

The ELVIS ms

Front 36

Zygomaticus ms
O, I, A

Back 36

O: Major: from lateral aspect of Zygomatic bone
Minor: from the anterior aspect of the zygomatic bone just lateral to the infraorbital foramen

I: To the corner of the mouth

A: During smiling & Laughing

Front 37

Risorius Ms

O, I, A

Back 37

O: It's a very small ms with a few fibers. it even may be absent

I: It usually blends w/ Platysma ms, inserting into the Lateral commissure (corner) of the mouth

A: Pulls the corner of the mouth Laterally & Up

Front 38

?
O: From either commissure of the mouth
I: Fans into the cutaneous fascia of the upper & lower lips

A: It's a sphincter of the mouth (1st sphincter of the digestive tract) assists in speech & mastication

NO Bony Attachments!

Back 38

Orbicularis Oris ms

Front 39

Depressor Septi Nasi Ms

O, I, A,

Back 39

O: Arises from the maxilla just superior to the central incisor

I: Into the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum

A: Depress the nasal septum, therefore opens the naris

Front 40

Depressor Anguli Oris Ms

O, I, A

What's it also known as?

Back 40

O: arises from the inferior fibers of the Platysma ms

I: Blends w/ Orbicularis oris ms into corner of the mouth

A: Depress corner of mouth

AKA Depressor Labii angularis oris ms

Depressor labii angularis oris

Front 41

Depressor Labii Inferioris ms

O, I, A

Back 41

O: From mandible, just lateral to the mental protuberance

I: Blend with the Orbicularis oris ms just inferior to the corner of the mouth

A: Pull the corner of the mouth down

Front 42

Mentalis ms

O, I, A

Back 42

O: Arises from the mental protuberance of mandible

I: Into the skin of the chin

A: Forms multiple dimples

Front 43

Buccinator ms

o, I, A, N

Back 43

O: From the Alveolar Arch of Maxilla & Mandible. Pterygomandibular Raphe

I: interdigitate w/ th eorbicularis oris ms. Note: Partoid Duct PIERCES the buccinator ms.

A: Holds the check against the mouth & assists in mastication

N: Facial N & V3 (Buccal br of mandibular div of trigeminal n)

Front 44

What are 3 Auricular ms?

Back 44

Auricularis anterior (atterahens auriculum)

Auricularis Superior (Atoohens Auriculum)

Auricularis Posterior (Retrahens Auriculum)

Front 45

What 2 cranial nerves highly innervate the face?

Back 45

Facial (CN VII) & Trigeminal (CN V)

Front 46

The Facial Nerve leaves the cranial vault via the __________________
, then leaves the area & exits the skull through the _____________________.

Back 46

Internal Acoustic Foramina

Stylomastoid Foramina

Front 47

The facial nerve gives rise to the _____________ which innervates the Occiptalis Ms.

Once passing over the stylohoid & the __________ , the facial N supplies motor innervation to these ms.

Back 47

Posterior Auricular N

Posterior belly of the Digastric Ms

Front 48

What are the branches of the Parotid Plexus?

Back 48

Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch

Front 49

Emerges out of the superior aspect of the parotid gland & innervate the Frontalis & Palpebral (Superior) pt of the Orbicularis Oculi ms?

Back 49

Temporal br of of Parotid plexus of Facial N

Front 50

Zygomatic Branch of Parotid plexus of Facial N? Describe path

Back 50

Exits via 3-4 branches anterior superior aspect of the parotid gland in order to supply the lower portion of the orbicularis oculi & most ms inferiorly.

Front 51

Over the Masseter ms into the buccal fat. it innervates the Buccinator Ms & Lateral aspect of the orbicularis oris.

Back 51

Buccal Branch of Parotid plexus of Facial N

Front 52

Mandibular branch of Parotid plexus of Facial N? Descibe path

Back 52

Over the ramus of the mandible deep to Platysma ms to supply the lower lip & ms of that region

Front 53

Exits at the inferior aspect of the partodi gland & deep to Platysma ms?

Back 53

Cervial branch of Parotid plexus of Facial N

Front 54

Facial N is Motor or Sensory?

Trigeminal N (CN V) Motor or Sensory

Back 54

Motor

Sensory but V3 is both!

Front 55

What is the pathway of the Opthalmic div of Trigeminal n (V1)?

Back 55

Supplies skin of forehead & content of orbital cavity & inner aspect of nasal cavity. Enters the cranium via Superior orbital fissure to join in w/ Trigeminal Gannglia in the Middle Cranial fossa

Front 56

What is the pathway for the Maxillary division (V2)?

Back 56

Cutaneous innervation of the upper lips, zygomatic area & enters the infraorbital foramen. Supplying upper teeth, gingival tissue, & hard palate, entering pterygopatine fossa, then entering skull through Foramen Rotundum to join Trigeminal Ganglion.

Front 57

What's pathway for Mandibular division (V3)?

Back 57

Innervates the skin of the lower & chin. sensory to lower teeth, gum, enters mandible via the Mental foramen. General sensory of the Anterior 2/3 through the Lingual N. Entering cranium through oval foramen (formamen ovale) to unite with Trigeminal ganglion. (Buccal N = motor portion of V3 to Buccinator ms)

Front 58

What's another name for the Trigeminal Ganglia?

Back 58

Gasserian Semilunar

Front 59

What's another name for the foramen rotundum?

Back 59

Round foramen

Front 60

V1 (Opthalmic Div) & V2 (Maxillary Division) of Trigeminal Nerve are Both Sensory or Both Motor?

Back 60

Both of these branches are general SENSORY only!

Front 61

Describe the pathway of the Facial Artery.

Back 61

Arises from EXTERNAL Carotid A. w/in the submandibular triangle of the neck

Tranverse inferiorly thorugh the matrix of the Submandibular Salivary gland

Over the ramus of the mandible (deep to Platysma ms) toward the commissure of the mouth. once there, give rise to INFERIOR Labial Artery

At Superior lip, gives off the Superior Labial Artery.

At Nasal Margin, it becomes the ANGULAR Artery, that ascends along nose toward the forehead.

Front 62

What is the origin of the Facial Artery?

Within what triangle does the Facial Artery originate?

Back 62

External Carotid Artery

Submandibular Triangle

Front 63

What gland does the Facial artery pass through?

Back 63

Submandibular Salivary gland

Front 64

Name the artery that's a smaller terminal branch of the EXTERNAL carotid A, that ascends Superior through the parotid gland; Exits Parotid gland at its superior aspect, just anterior to the ea & gives rise to Frontal & Parietal Arteries?

Back 64

Superficial Temporal Artery

Front 65

What gland does the Superficial temporal Artery pass through?

Back 65

Parotid Gland

Front 66

What 2 arteries of the face travel through the Parotid gland?

Back 66

Superficial Temporal A & Transverse Facial artery both pass through it

Front 67

Describe the path of the Transverse Facial Artery

Back 67

Branch off the Superficial Temporal A w/in the Parotid gland.

Travels anterior, just inferior to the zygomatic arch

Front 68

Veins of the face are the same as the arterial supply except for which veins? (hint: there's 3)

Back 68

Supraorbital vein
Infraorbital vein
Deep Facial Veins

Front 69

The pattern of vein drainage in the face, gives rise to an area known as?

Back 69

the "DANGEROUS Triangle"

Front 70

What are the boundaries of the dangerous triangle?

Back 70

Nasofrontal junction (apex of nose)
Lateral corners of the mouth (Commissures)

Front 71

What is the largest salivary gland of the head? What is it surrounded by?

Where is it located?What ms does it overlay?

What does it contain within its matrix?

Why are lymphatic nodes important?

What is it innervated by?

What does it produce?

What's another name of parotid duct? How long is it? Describe it?

Where does parotid duct travel?

Back 71

Parotid Gland; Investing Fascia

Mass located on the ramus of mandible & its posterior aspect, wraps around angle of mandible
- Masseter ms

External Carotid A, Facial N, Retromandibular V, Parotid Lymphatic Nodes

Drain the lymph from forehead, lateral aspect of eye, middle ear, lateral aspect of Auricle (Ear), & Interior wall of internal acoustic meatus

parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal N (CN IX) via the Auriculotemporal br of Trigeminal N (CN V)

Serous fluid & Amylase

Stenson's duct, 3-4 cm long, very muscular.

Travels medially toward the buccinator ms& pierces it & enters the oral cavity (vestibular pt) at level of the 2nd maxillary molar

Front 72

Describe temporal fossa. Where's the base & Apex of this region.

Back 72

Very shallow conical shape cavity that's located at lateral aspect of head

Base: toward Temporalis ms

Apex: in contact with zygomatic arch

Front 73

What are the boundaries of the Temporal fossa.

Back 73

Bondaries:
- Medial (Base/Floor): Formed by union of 4 cranial bones:Pteriod: Frontal, Great wing of Sphenoid, Temporal & Parietal bones

- Lateral: via the Zygomatic arch, by union of the temporal & zygomatic bones

-Anterior: Zygomatic & frontal bones

- Superior & Posterior: Via the Superior & Inferior Temporal lines

Front 74

Major contents of the temoporal fossa?

Back 74

Temporalis Ms & Masseter Ms

Front 75

Temporalis Ms

Describe ms?

O, I, A, N

Back 75

Strong & Wide fan shaped ms which occupies the floor of the temporal fossa

O: From superior & inferior temporal lines of Frontal & Parietal Bones

I: into superior & anterior aspect of Coronoid process of the mandible

A: Very powerful elevator of the mandible. Posterior fibers can cause retraction of mandible

N: temporl (ms) branches of the Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve (V3)

Front 76

Masseter Ms

Describe? What's it covered by?
O, I, A, N

Back 76

Very strong ms of mastication
Covered by Parotid Gland & its capsule

O: Inferior margin of the zygomatic arch

I: into ramus & masseteric tuberosidty of mandible

A: Powerful elevator of mandible

N: via Masseteric Nerve , a branch of Mandibular div. of Trigeminal Nerve (V3)

Front 77

Describe Infratemporal fossa?
What must be done in order to get to this space?
Boundaries of Infratemporal fossa

Back 77

irregular shaped cavity just deep to ramus of mandible.

In order to get to this space ramus has to be removed. Cuts on mandible are at:
- Coronoid Process
- Condyloid Process
- Angle of mandible

Boundaries:
-Superior: Anterior portion of infratemporal line & Greater Wing of Sphenoid bone
-Anterior: Posterior aspect of Maxilla bone (INfratemporal surface)
-Inferior: Point of insertion for Medial pterygoid ms
-Lateral: Internal surface of the mandibular ramus

Front 78

What's communication of Infratemporal fossa?

Back 78

Infratemporal fossa communicates w/ many structures assoc w/ head

Foramen Ovale (oval) - Mandibular br of Trigeminal N (V3)

Foramen Spinosum - Middle meningeal A. enters the cranium, artery is a br from 1st part of Maxillary A.

Mandibular (Alveolar) foramen - Inferior Alveolar A. & N. enter the mandible

Infraorbital Orbital foramen - Inferior Orbital A. & Maxillary div. of Trigeminal A. (V2) travel through

Front 79

Contents of the Infratemporal fossa.

Back 79

Maxillary A (Mandibular pt, & Pterygoid/Muscular pt & Pterygopalatine pt) & Pterygoid Venus plexus

Front 80

Describe Maxillary A in relation to Ext. Carotid A. Where's Maxillary A. located? Where does it travel?

Back 80

- Larger of the 2 branches of Ext. Carotid A.
- Located Just posterior to neck of mandibular condyle
- Travels anteriorly w/in the Infratemporal fossa

Front 81

the 3 sections of the maxillayr A are in relation to what?

Back 81

Lateral Pterygoid Ms

Front 82

What is the 1st part of the Maxillary A named? Describe it? What are the Arteries it gives rise to?

Back 82

Mandibular pt
-Shortest pt. from Ext. Carotid A. to the instertion of the Lateral Pterygoid ms

- Deep Auricular A - supplies External acousitc meatus & Mastoid Process

- Anterior Tympanic A: supplies tempanic membrane

- Middle Meningeal A: through foramen Spinosum into Cranial vault

Accessory Meningeal A: into Cranium

Inferior Alveolar A: Inferior & LARGEST Br. Enters alveolar *mandibular) foramen supplying the mandibular teeth & gum

Front 83

What is the 2nd part of the Maxillary A. named? Describe it? What are the Arteries it gives rise to?

Back 83

Pterygoid/Muscular pt.
- Longest pt of Maxillary A
-Overlaying Lateral Pterygoid ms
-This A in some cases is COVERED by Lateral Pterygoid ms.

Deep Temporal AAs - supplying Temporalis ms

Masseteric AAs - through the mandibular notch, supplying the Masseter ms

Pterygoid AAs: supplying the Pterygoid MMs

Buccal A - Supplying the Buccinator ms

Front 84

What's the 3 pt of the Maxillary A.

Back 84

Pterygopalatine pt.

Posterior Superior Alveolar A - to the maxillary sinus, Maxillary gingival, Premolar & Molar of Maxilla

Infraorbital A: entering ORBITAL CAVITY supplying the structure w/ cavity, Lower eye lid, Nose including Lacrimal (apparatus) sac, & once exiting through the INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN supplying the upper lip

Descending Palatine A: Supplying the roof of the mouth & gingiva

Pharyngeal A: Supplying the pharynx, sphenoid sinus, & LOWER aspect of the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC (Eustacian) tube

Artery to the Pterygoid Canal: to supply the UPPER aspect of the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE & Tympanic (Middle Ear) cavity

Sphenopalatine (Pterygopalatine) A: Suppy the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, & Nasal septum

Front 85

Describe Pterygoid Venus Plexus. Where's it located? What does it provide?

Back 85

Thin walled, extensive Venus system located between the Temporalis Ms & Lateral Pterygoid ms.

Provides an extensive communication b/w the FACIAL VEIN & CAVERNOUS SINUS of Dura Mater

Front 86

What are the nerves of the infratemporal fossa?

Back 86

Otic (Arnold's) ganglion (Parasympathetic), located just inferior to the foramen OVALE. This ganglia carries sensory of the Glossopharyngeal N to the Parotid gland.

Mandibular N - Mixed (Motor & Sensory) N that supplies sensory to the Lower teeth & Gum. Also innervates the skin of the lower jaw. Its motor supply is the muscle of Mastication

Front 87

What are the branches of the Mandibular N?

Back 87

B: Buccal (Long Bucal) N
I: Inferior Alveolar N
L: Lingual N
A: Auriclotemporal N

Front 88

Describe each branch of the Mandibular N.

Back 88

Buccal (Long Bucal) N - Senssory to Buccal ms

Inferior Alveolar N - Sensory N to lower jaw. Entering Alveolar Foramen of Mandible w/ Inferior Alveolar A. Just before entering this foramen, it gives rise to mylohyoid N (N innervation to mylohyoid & Ant. belly of Digastric Ms)

Lingual N - This nerve has 2 components - GENERAL Sensory to ANTERIOR 2/3 of tongue via Mandibular Div. of Trigeminal N (CN V3) & SPECIAL Sensory to Anterior 2/3 of Tongue via Chorda Tympani of Facial N (CN VII). This N. leaves Typmanic Cavity & Enters the fossa via the Pterygotympanic fissure. Chorda tympani also carries the secretomotor to sublingual & submandibular salivary glands.

Front 89

Medial Pterygoid Ms

O,I, A, N

Back 89

O: Superficial head: arise from maxillary tuberosity; Deep head: from medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate & Pterygoid process of the sphenoid

I: Into medial surface of mandibular ramus, just inferior to Alveolar foramen

A: Bilaterally cause both elevation & protraction of TMJ; Unilateral - cause side to side action of TMJ

N: mandibular br. of Trigeminal N (V3)

Front 90

Lateral Pterygoid Ms

O, I, A, N

Back 90

O: Superior head from the great wing of sphenoid; Inferior head, from lateral aspect of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

I: Neck of mandibular condyle, Articular capsule of TMJ, Articular disc of TMJ

A: Bilaterally cause protraction & depression of TMJ; Unilateral - induces side to side movement of TMJ

N: Mandibular br. of Trigeminal N (CN V3)

Front 91

Describe the TMJ (Joint classification)? What does it Articulate between? How many & what are the divisions of the articular cavity & What separates these 2 cavities?

What are the 2 facets & their function?

Back 91

- Modified synovial double condyloid hinge joint

- Articulation b/w head of mandible & mandibular fossa of Temporal bone

Articular cavity divided into 2 synovial cavity.

Articular disc separates Superior from Inferior synovial cavities

Superior (upper) facet: Allows gliding movement

Inferior (lower) facet: Allows hinge movement

Front 92

What are ligaments of TMJ. (Hint: Primary ligs or Intrinsic / Secondary Ligs or Extrinsic)

Back 92

Primary ligs / Intrinsic:
- Articular capsule
- Lateral (Temporomandibular) ligament
- Articular disc pad
- Upper & Lower Synovial membrane

Secondary ligs / Extrinsic:
- Stylomandibular lig - from styloid process of sphenoid to angle of mandible
- Sphenomandibular (Check) lig - from spine of sphenoid to Lingual process of Mandible

Front 93

What are the ms of Mastication?

(Hint: Depressors, Elevators, Protractors, Retractors, Lateral movers)

Back 93

Depressors: infrahyoid, Suprahyoid & lateral Pterygoid ms

Elevators: Masseter, Temporalis, Medial Pterygoid MMs

Protractors: Lateral Pterygoid (is PRIMARY mover). It's assisted by Medial Pterygoid & Masseter ms

Retractors: Primarily due to POSTERIOR fibers of Temporalis ms

Lateral movers: Side to side is combination of both Retractor & Protractor MMs

Front 94

What are the 2 divisions of the oral cavity? Describe boundaries of each.

Back 94

Vestibular Cavity (Oral Vestibule) - a narrow slit like area located b/w buccal, gingiva, teeth & cheeks

Oral Cavity Proper (Cavum oris) - TRUE oral cavity bounded by Alveolar arch & Palatoglossal arch

Front 95

Lips:
- What ms does it contain?
- What is it assisted by?
- Is it Vascular or Avascular?
- What's its blood supply?
- What's Upper lip & Lower LIp innervation?
- What's function of lips?

Back 95

- Orbicularis Oris ms

- Assisted by Elevators & Depressor ms

- Highly Vascular

- Supplied by both Superior & Inferior labial (from Facial A)

- Upper lip innerv - Maxillary div of Trigeminal N (CN V1)

- Lower lip innerv - Mental N from Inferior Alveolar N of Mandibular br of Trigeminal N (CN V3)

FX: To act as sphincter of mouth, involved in speech & Mastication

Front 96

What are the anatomical landmarks associated w/ lip?

Back 96

Vermillion Border: Light line of the skin that separates the keratinized Stratified Squamous from NON-keratinized of the lip. HAS A VERY POOR BLOOD SUPPLY

Labiomental Sulcus - A shallow depression b/w Lower Lip & Chin

Nasolabial Sulcus - Narrow groove from Lateral margin of Nasal opening down to the corners (commissure) of the mouth

Philtrum - from External Nasal Septum a shallow depression toward upper lip, ending in Vermiillion line

Frenulum - Small mucosal folds of the lips at the midline

Front 97

Cheeks are lateral wall of the __________.
It is formed by the _________ that is covered w/ mucosal membrane & many salivary ________ glands.

Where is the opening for the Parotid duct?

What structure is present at external aspect of ___________ ms, that supports the cheek during chewing?

Back 97

Vestibular cavity

Buccal ms, buccal

Buccal mucosal membrane at the level of the 2nd maxillary molar

Bucal, Bucal Fat Pad

Front 98

Teeth Joint classifcation is?

What do teeth articulate with?

How many milk teeth are there in children? When do they erupt & shed? Name them.

How many adult teeth are there? name them.

Back 98

Synarthrotic joint (gomphosis)

Articulate w/ Alveolar arches of Maxilla & Mandible

20 deciduous (primary)
-Erupt ~ 6 months & Shed ~12 yrs.
- 2 Incisors (Central & Lateral)
1 Canine
2 Molar

- 32 Secondary
2 Incisors (Central & Lateral)
1 Canine
2 Premolars
3 Molars (3rd molar/Wisdom teeth)

Front 99

What are the anatomical structure of a tooth?

Back 99

Root
Neck
Crown
Enamel
Root Foramen
Pulp Cavity

Front 100

What is the Palate? What does the palate separate? What does it form? What does it divide into?

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

What's the arterial supply to the palatine tonsils?

Back 100

Palate is a structure that separates nasal cavity from oral cavity.

Forms the roof of the Oral Cavity PROPER

Palate divided into hard palate & soft palate

Palatine tonsils located between the Palatoglossus & Palatopharyngeus folds.

Arteries supply via the Ascending Palatine A of the Facial A & both Lesser & Greater Palatine A

Front 101

What portion of the Palate is Hard Palate?

The Hard Palate is composed of which bones?

What is the Shape of the curvature of the Hard palate?

What's another name for the transverse Palatine folds of Hard Palate?

Back 101

Anterior 2/3 of Palate

Maxilla & Horizontal plate of Palatine bone

Concave shape

Rugae

Front 102

What is the line that runs from anterior to posterior at the midline of the Hard palate?

The Hard palate is covered with a mucosal membrane that has numerous ______________

Back 102

Palatine Raphe

Palatine glands

Front 103

Hard Palate has how many pairs of Foramina?

Name & Describe each foramina. (Location & contents)

Back 103

3 pairs of foramina

Incisive foramina - located w/in Incisive fossa. Nasopalatine N. travel through them (br of Maxillary div of Trigeminal N (V2).) SENSORY to Hard palate

Greater Palatine Foramina - Located MEDIAL to the 3rd maxillary molar. Transmits both Greater palatine A. & Greater palatine N. (Sensory br from Maxillary div of Trigeminal N. (V2))

Lesser Palatine Foramina - Located POSTERIOR to greater palatine foramina, transmits the Lesser Palatine A & Lesser Palatine N (Maxiillary div of Trigeminal N (V2))

Front 104

What portion of the palate is the SOFT palate?

What is Soft palate covered by?

What structures compose the Soft palate?

Back 104

Posterior 1/3 of palate & Movable structure

Covered by mucosal lining w/ many palatine salivary glands

Palatine arches:
- Palatoglossus Arch
- Palatine Tonsil
- Palatopharyngeus Arch

Front 105

What is the Musculature of the Soft Palate?

Back 105

Levator Veli Palatini

Tensor Veli Palatini

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

Musculus Uvalae

Front 106

Levator Veli Palatini ms

O, I, A, N

Back 106

O: Arises from petrous pt of Temporal bone; Cartilage of Internal auditory tube

I: Interdigitate w/ palatine aponeurosis

A: Elevates soft palate during swallowing

I: CRANIAL portion of CN XI via the Pharyngeal Plexus of CN X

Front 107

Tensor Veli Palatini ms

O, I, A, N

Back 107

O: From the Spine, Scaphoid process of Sphenoid Cartilage of Pharyngotympatnic (Internal Auditory tube / Eustacian)

I: into palatine aponeurosis

A: Pulls the soft palate & increases the diameter of the oral entrance to the oropharynx, such as swallowing & Yawning

N: MEDIAL PTERYGOID N (Mandibular Div. of Trigeminal N (V3)

Front 108

Palatogossus ms

O, I, A, N

Back 108

O: arises from Palatine Fascia (aponeurosis)
I: Blends into the musculature of tongue (glossa) @ DORSOLATERAL aspect. Forms the Palatoglossus arch

A: Elevatating the dorsum of the tongue POSTERIOR & SUPERIOR

N: CRANIAL portion of CN XI via the Pharyngeal Plexus of CN X

Front 109

Palatopharyngeus ms

O, I, A, N

Back 109

O: From palatine bone & Palatine aponeurosis

I: Interdigitate w/ musculature of Pharynx

A: Elevate the pharyngeal wall during deglutition

N: CRANIAL portion of CN XI via the Pharyngeal Plexus of CN X

Front 110

Musculus Uvalae ms

O, I, A, N

Back 110

O: POSTERIOR NASAL SPINE & PALATINE FASCIA

I: into Uvula Fascia & Mucosa

A: Shortens the uvula

N: CRANIAL portion of CN XI via the Pharyngeal Plexus of CN X

Front 111

What's the major structure of the oral cavity, an important structure for speech, mastication, & deglutition?

Back 111

Tongue

Front 112

The anterior 2/3 of the Tongue is known as?

Back 112

ORAL portion of the tongue

Front 113

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue is known as?

Back 113

Pharyngeal portion of tongue

Front 114

Which Papilla of the tongue are most posterior?

Which Papilla are located antero-posterior?

Back 114

Vallate

Filiform

Front 115

Name surface structures of the tongue.

Back 115

Apex
Anterior 2/3, ORAL portion of tongue
Posterior 1/3, PHARYNGEAL portion of tongue
Median Groove (sulcus)
Terminal ( ^ - shaped) sulcus
Foramen Cecum
Papilla:
- Fungiform (Anterior)
- Filiform (Antero-Posterior)
- Foliate (Posterior - Lateral)
- Vallate (Posterior)

Front 116

Inferior aspect of tongue is known as?

What is inferior aspect of tongue covered by?

Back 116

Sublingual

Very thin Transparent Mucosal membrane

Front 117

Name structures found on the inferior (sublingual aspect) of the tongue.

Back 117

Lingual frenulum

Sublingual fold containing:
- Deep Lingual blood vessels
- Lingual N
- the many openings for the SUBLINGUAL salivary gland

Opening for SUBMANDIBULAR Salivary duct @ the Sublingual CARUNCLE.

Front 118

Name the Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

Back 118

Samer Is Very Thirsty!

- Superior & Inferior Longitudinal MMs
- Vertical (Verticalis Linguae) ms
- Transverse ms

- Transverse

Front 119

Superior & Inferior Longitudinal ms
O, I, A, N

Back 119

O: SUBMUCOSAL LAYER & ROOT of the TONGUE from HYOID bone

I: into the MUCOSA of the TONGUE & APEX

A: acting together, shorten tongue & each will cause the tongue to curl

N: Hypoglossal (XII) Motor N

Front 120

Vertical (Verticalis Linguae) Ms

O, I, A, N

Back 120

O: Superior aspect of tongue

I: Into the inferior aspect of tongue

A: flattens the tongue

N: Hypoglossal N

Front 121

Transverse ms

O, I, A, N

Back 121

O: Medial fibrous septum of the tongue

I: to the lateral aspect fibrous tissue of the tongue

A: by flattening the tongue it elongates (protrudes) the tongue

N: Hypoglossal N

Front 122

Name the EXTRINSIC Muscles of the tongue

Back 122

Get High Style Pals

- Genioglossus ms
- Hyoglossus ms (Chondroglossus)
- Styloglossus ms
- Palatoglossus ms

Front 123

O: Arises from the SUPERIOR MENTAL SPINE of mandible

I: Into the dorsum of the tongue & body of Hyoid bone

A: Protract & Depress the tongue

N: Hypoglossal N (XII)

Back 123

Genioglossus ms

Front 124

Hyoglossus Ms

What's another name for this ms?

O, I, A, N

Back 124

AKA Chondroglossus

O: From the body & the greater horn of the hyoid bone

I: Ascends upward to the lateral aspect of the tongue

A: Retracts & Depress the tongue

N: Hypoglossal N (XII)

Front 125

Styloglossus Ms

O, I, A, N

Back 125

O: STYLOID LIGAMENT & STYLOID PROCESS

I: Blend into Hyoglossus ms @ lateral aspect of the tongue

A: Retract & Elevate dorsum of tongue during swallowing

N: Hypoglossal N (XII)

Front 126

O: From the Fascia of the soft Palate

I: Into the lateral side of the tongue

A: Elevating the dorsum of tongue during swallowing

N: PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS from Vagus N (X) carrying N from CRANIAL PORTION of XI

Back 126

** Palatoglossus Ms **

Front 127

Name the Nerve Innervation of the tongue

Back 127

Lingual br. of Mandibular div of Trigeminal N (V3) - General Sensory Anterior 2/3

Chorda Tympani of Facial N (VII) - Special Sensory Anterior 2/3

Pharyngeal plexus (IX & X) - General Sensory Posterior 1/3 of tongue

Hypoglossal N (XII) - Motor

OVERALL: V3, VII, IX, X, XII

Front 128

Tongue is very Vascular or Very Avascular?

What's major arterial supply of tongue?

Back 128

Tongue is Very vascular

Lingual A

Front 129

What are the Salivary Glands of the Oral Cavity?

Back 129

Parotid Gland
Submandibular Salivary Gland
Sublingual Salivary Gland

Front 130

Which Salivary Gland surrounds the facial artery?

Back 130

Submandibular Salivary gland

Front 131

What's the location of the Submandibular Salivary gland?

What's its innervation (secretomotor)?

What's its arterial supply?

What's another name for Submandibular duct?

Where does Submandibular gland open?

What is does the submandibular gland produce?

Back 131

Inferior to angle & ramus of mandible, surrounding Facial A.

Facial N (VII)-- Parasympathetic

Submandibular A from Facial A.

Wharton's duct

Opens into oral cavity proper, just posterior to the mandibular incisors

Produces half serous & half mucous.

Front 132

Where's SUBLINGUAL salivary gland located? Where does it open?

What's its innervation?

Back 132

W/in Genioglossus ms

Opens into Oral cavity via numerous ducts @ sublingual fold

Facial N (VII)

Front 133

what are the functions of Nasal Cavities (Apparatus)?

Back 133

- Primary air passage
- Cleaning & moistening the air
- Sense of Smell

Front 134

Name these EXTERNAL Structures of the NOSE based on their descriptions:

1. Superior angle
2. Tip of the nose
3. 2 pear (piriform) shaped opening
4. Lateral margin of naris
5. Soft & Fleshy

Back 134

1. Root
2. Apex
3. Naris
4. Alae
5. Septum

Front 135

What structures form the Boney skeletal system of nose?

Back 135

Nasal bone (2)
Nasal process of Frontal (1)
Frontal process of Maxilla (2)

Front 136

What are the 5 main cartilages that constitutes the moveable aspect of the nose?

Back 136

Cartilaginous Skeletal system of nose

Lateral cartilage (2)
Alar cartilage (2)
Septal cartilage (1)

Front 137

What structures form the Nasal septum?

Back 137

2 boney skeletal parts & 1 cartilage

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Vomer
Septal cartilage

Front 138

The nasal cavities are covered by mucosal tissue EXCEPT the ________________ aka ____________ , which is covered with ____________

Back 138

Nasal opening AKA Nasal Vestibule

Skin

Front 139

What forms the Lateral Walls of the Nose? Describe them.

What does the lateral wall communicate with?

Back 139

3 nasal conchae will give the lateral wall an uneven (irregular) surface. Note: INFERIOR Nasal Concha is a SEPARATE bone from the Ethmoid bone.

Communicates with:
- Frontal sinus opening (just deep & inferior to Middle Concha)
- Maxillary Sinus opening (just deep & inferior to Middle Concha)
- Ethmoid cellss openings (just deep & inferior to Middle Concha)
- Nasolacrimal duct (ANTERIOR INFERIOR to INFERIOR Concha)

Front 140

What forms the Medial Wall of the Nose? Describe it.

Back 140

Vomer & Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid bones

Smooth wall

Front 141

What forms the Superior Wall (Roof) of the nose? Describe it.

Back 141

The Olfactory mucosa is the covering at this area. Narrow at the Anterior & Widens toward posterior aspect

Front 142

What forms the Inferior wall (Floor) of the nose? Describe it.

Back 142

Formed by Maxilla & Palatine bones.

Wide surface

Front 143

Posteriorly the Nose opens into the ___________.

Note: opening for __________ & opening for the ____________ aka _____________

Back 143

NASOPHARYNX

Sphenoid Sinus

Eustacian tube (Pharyngotympanic tube)

Front 144

What's the Arterial Supply of the Nasal cavity?

Back 144

Opthalmic A - Gives off both Anterior & Posterior Ethmoidal AAs

Sphenopalatine (Pterygopalatine) A (Terminal br of the Maxilllary A - infratemporal fossa)

Greater Palatine A

Front 145

What's innervation of Nasal cavity?

Back 145

Olfactory N (I)
Opthalmic & Maxillary br of Trigeminal N (V1 & V2)
Nasopalatine N (from Greater Palatine N)

Front 146

What are the major divisions (regions) of the Human ear?

Back 146

External Ear
External Acoustic Meatus
Tympanic Membrane (Ear drum)
Middle Ear
Internal Ear
Internal Acoustic Meatus

Front 147

What is the function of the Auricle?

What are the parts of the Auricle?

Back 147

To focus sounds toward auditory tube

Helix
Crus of Helix
Antihelix
Auricular Tubercle (Darwin)
Scaphoid Fossa of Concha
Tragus
Antitragus
Intertragic Notch
Lobule

Front 148

What is the S-shaped tube about 2.5 cm long, which is covered w/ skin, has numerous hairs, & Seruminous sebaceous glands?

Back 148

External Acoustic Meatus

Front 149

What is the Blood supply to the External Auditory tube (External Acoustic Meatus)?

Back 149

- Posterior Auricular A (form External Carotid A)

- Deep Auricular A (from Maxillary A)

- Auricular A (from Superficial Temporal A)

Front 150

What are the nerve innervation to the external ear?

Back 150

Auriculotemporal N (mandibular div. of trigeminal N (V3)

Auricular br of Vagus N (X)

Front 151

What is the structure that separates the external ear from the middle ear & how long is it & what is its shape?

Back 151

Tympanic Membrane (Ear drum)

Separates External Ear from Middle Ear

From 1 cm to 8mm in diameter; Oval in shape

Front 152

What is the blood supply to the Tympanic Membrane?

Back 152

Deep Auricular A (from Maxillary A)

Stylomastoid A (from Posterior Auricular A of Maxillary A)

Front 153

What's innervation to tympanic membrane?

Back 153

Auriculotemporal N (Mandibular Div of Trigeminal V3)

Auricular N of vagus (Arnold's N)

Jacobson's N (Glassopharyngeal (IX & Facial (VII)) Internal Surface

Front 154

What are the external landmarks assoc. with the Tympanic Membrane.

Back 154

Pars Flaccida; Pars tensa; Lateral process of Malleus; Anterior Malleolar Fold; Posterior Malleolar Fold; Handle of Malleus; Umbo; Cone of light

Front 155

How many sides does the MIDDLE ear contain? What is the Middle ear lined with?

(hint: name all of them:)
Lateral Wall
Roof
Floor
Anterior
Posterior
Medial

Back 155

6 sided cavity lined with Mucosal Membrane

Lateral Wall
Roof = Tegmental wall
Floor = Jugular wall
Anterior = Carotid wall
Posterior = Mastoid wall
Medial = Labyrinthine wall

Front 156

Describe each of the 6 sides of the middle Ear?

Back 156

Lateral Wall = Membranous wall formed by the tympanic membrane

Roof/Tegmental Wall = Thin wall, separating the middle ear from the dura matter

Floor/Jugular wall = Thin wall, separating the middle ear from the internal jugular v

Anterior/Carotid wall = At the superior it has the opening for the Auditory tube & Tensor tympani ms

Posterior/Mastoid wall = Has an opening to the tympanic antrum (air cells). Also has an opening for facial N (VII)

Medial / Labrynthine Wall = Formed mostly by the bulge called the promontory. The Tympanic plexus (Jacobson's N)

Front 157

Describe the Auditory Tube. What other names does it have? What's its function? What is the mucosal lining continuous with? What is the blood supply?

Back 157

Pharyngotympanic / Eustacian Tube

Cartilaginous tube: ~4cm long

Function is to equilibrate air pressure at either side of the tympanic membrane

Its mucosal lining continuous w/ nasopharynx

Blood Supply = Middle Meningeal & Artery of Pterygoid Canal arteries

Front 158

What's are the 2 functions of the auditory ossicles?

What are the parts. Describe.

Back 158

To transfer the vibration of the tympanic membrane onto Foramen OVALE. Also increase intensity of tympanic vibration by 10x (ten folds)

Malleus - Attached to the tympanic membrane

Incus - articulates w/ malleus & stapes

Stapes - moves the foramen ovale

Front 159

What are the ms of the middle ear?

Back 159

Tensor tympani MS & Stapedius Ms

Front 160

Tensor tympani ms

O, I, A, N

Back 160

O: From temporal bone, Great wing of Sphenoid & Auditory tube

I: Into the Handle of the Malleus

A: By pulling the malleus medially, it reduces excess oscillation, therefore prevents damage to the inner ear

N: Mandibular div of the Trigeminal N (V3)

Front 161

Stapedius Ms

O, I, A, N

Back 161

O: at posterior wall of tympanic cavity. Through a small pyramidal Projection: Pyramidal Eminence

I: Into the neck of the stapes

A: Decreases the excessive oscillation by pulling stapes posteriorly

N: Facial N

Front 162

What is the Internal Ear responsible for (Function)? Where's it located?


What cavity contains the vestibulocochlear?

How many parts does the membranous labyrinth contain?

Back 162

Responsible for both hearing & balance

Located deep w/in Petrous part of the Temporal bone

Bony Labryinth (Otic Capsule)

Membranous Labyrinth has 3 parts:
1. Utricle & Sacule
2. Semicircular Canals
3. Cochlear duct

Front 163

Describe each of the 3 parts of the membranous labyrinth

Back 163

1. Utricle & Sacule
- W/in Vestibular Part, contains organs for STATIC equilibrium

2. Semicircular Canals
- Contain sensory organs for the DYNAMIC equilibrium
- Three Semicircular Canals:
- Anterior (Sagittal plane)
- Posterior (Coronal Plane)
- Lateral (Transverse/Horizontal plane)

Front 164

What houses the organ of hearing & what's another name for organ of hearing?


How many times does the cochlea turn:

Name the 3 chambers of cochlear duct.

Back 164

Cochlear duct. Organ of Corti

2 & 1/2 turns on itself

Scala vestibuli
Scala tymapani
Cochlear Duct

Front 165

Describe 3 chambers of cochlear duct. Don't forget foramina they are involved with & componets of organ of corti

How long is Internal Acustic Meatus. Where does it travel? What does it contain?

Back 165

Scala vestibulae: at the tympanic area has the Foramen ovale. This chamber is in communication w/ Scala tympani via the helicoterma.

Scala tympani: ends into the foramen Routunda (Senondary Tympanic membrane)

Cochlear Duct
- Separated from Scala vestibulae via a thin Vestibular Membrane (Reissner's membrane)
- Separated from Scala tympani via the Basilar Membrane & Boney (osseous) Spiral Lamina
- Organ of Corti
- Tectorial membrane
- Outer & Inner Hair cell
- Pillar (rod) cells

IAM = 1 cm long, traveling w/in petrous pt of Temporal bone. Contains Facial N (VII) & Vestibulocochlear N (VIII)

Front 166

Describe the orbit: (Superior, Inferior, Medial, Lateral wall)

Back 166

Superior wall: formed by mostly Frontal bone & LESSER wing of Sphenoid bone. Has Optic Canal which contains Optic N (CN II) & Opthalmic A [from inferior carotid A].
NOTE: Lacrimal Fossa (Lacrimal gland) at orbital plate of frontal bone

Inferior wall: formed by Maxilla, Zygomatic, & Palatine bones. located Superior to Maxillary sinus. Communicates w/ Pterygopalatine fossa via the Inferior Orbital fissure, containing Maxillary br of Trigeminal (V1)

MEDIAL wall:union of Frffffal plate of the Ethmoid & Lacrfffimal bone.
Lacrimal fossa contains the Lacrimal sac & Nasolacrimal duct

Lateral wall: formed by Great wing of sphenoid & the frontal process of the ZYGOMATIC bone. It communicates via the Superior Orbital Fissue. The structures that are transmitted through this fissure are CN III, IV, VI, & Opthalmic divisiion of the Trigeminal N (V1)

Front 167

What is the function of the eyelid?

What's internal lining (membrane) of eyelid.

The membrane is attached to the eyeball at __________

Back 167

The membrane is attached to protect & keep the eye moist Internal lined with conjuctival membrane which forms the Upper & Lower Fornices

Periphery of the Cornea (Ora Serrata)

Front 168

The eyeliids are formed by a __________ tissue called the _____________

They are anchored to the maxillary bone (Medial) via the ________________ & Zygomatic bone (Lateral) via the __________

Back 168

Dense Connective; Tarsal plates

Medial Canthi (Ligament)

Laterl Canthi (ligament)

Front 169

What ms is the upper & Lower Tarsal plates attached to?

What ms inserts into the upper Tarsal plate?

What's another name for the tarsal glands & what is their function?

Back 169

Orbicularis Oculi ms

Levator Palpebrae Superioris ms

Meibomain glands - lubrication

Front 170

What gland is associated with the cilia?

What's another name for the sebaceous glands of the eyelids?

Where's lacrimal gland located?
Where does its ducts open into?
What is it innervated by?

What do the tears drain into?

Back 170

Sweat gland of Moll's

Zeis's glands

Superior & Lateral just inferior to the frontal bone

Lacrimal gland opens into the lateral margin of the Upper Tarsal plate

Facial N VII (Parasympathetic) & Superior Cervical Ganglion (Sympathetic)

Drains into Medial aspect into the nasal cavity (Inferior to the inferior nasal concha)

Front 171

Medial Aspect of Eye
Tears leave the eye via the ______ & ____________ into the upper & Lower ________.


They open into the Dilated part of the __________ & finally into _____________.

Back 171

Superior & Inferior punctum;
Lacrimal canaliculi

Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct

Front 172

Medial Aspect of Eye continued
Vertical fold of the conjucnctival membrane - 3rd eyelid?'

Red area:

Back 172

Plica Semicircullaris ms

Lacrimal Lake

Front 173

Medial Aspect of Eye Continued

Small projection (hillock) known as ?

Upper & Lower Lacrimal ___________

Back 173

Lacrimal Caruncle

Papillae