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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Theory |
- all living things are made up of 1+ cells - cells are the basic unit of life - all cells from pre-existing cells (mitosis and meiosis) |
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Prokaryote |
Organisms that don't contain a nucleus or other membrane-based organelles. |
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Eukaryote |
Organism that contain a nucleus & organelles with a membrane surrounding the cell. |
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Name the parts in a Cell (parts that can be found in both Plant & Animal) |
Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Nucleus DNA Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Vacuoles |
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Name the parts in only Plant Cells |
Cell Wall Large Vacuole Chloroplasts |
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Name the parts in only Animal Cells |
Lysosomes Small Vacuole Centrioles |
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Cytoplasm |
- mainly water and other substances which cell needs - can change form, allowing movement of organelles |
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Cell Membrane |
- supports the cell - allows/prevents substances from entering cell example: oxygen passes through, protein doesn't |
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Nucleus |
Contains genetic information which is stored in chromosomes. |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid. (instructions for cell activity) |
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Mitochondria |
- considered as "power plants" - provide energy for cells - stores glucose and enzymes (used in cellular respiration) |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
- network of tubes from nuclear membrane and cell membrane - transports materials and proteins |
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Golgi Bodies |
- collect/process materials to be removed by cell - produce and discharge mucus |
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Vacuoles |
- layer of membrane trapping fluid in a sac - functions vary depending on cell type Can contain substances, remove waste, and maintain fluid pressure. |
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Cell Wall |
- only in Plant cells - rigid structure of cellulose - found outside of cell membrane |
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Large Vacuole |
- only in Plant cells - one vacuole containing water - when water levels drop, cell becomes soft (vice versa) |
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Chloroplasts |
- only in Plant cells (that are exposed to light) - contain chlorophyll (green pigment in leaves) - Absorb light for photosynthesis |
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Lysosomes |
Sacklike structure containing proteins that break down large molecules. Animal cell only. |
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Small Vacuoles |
Multiple vacuoles that store water and other substances. Animal cell only. |
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Centrioles |
Small protein structure used in cell division. Animal cell only. |
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Cell Division for Reproduction |
Asexual Reproduction (mitosis) - one parent, exact genetic copies Sexual Reproduction (meiosis) - two parents, DNA shared amongst them |
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Cell Division for Growth |
Cell sizes or cell numbers increase. |
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Why do cell numbers increase? |
At a certain size, chemicals and water can't move through the cell fast enough. |
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Diffusion |
Movement of chemicals from high to low pressure. |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water from high to low pressure. |
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Importance of Cell Division |
Reproduction Growth Repair |
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Stages of the Cell Cycle (asexual) |
Interphase Mitosis Cytokenisis |
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Interphase |
- longest cell stage - carries out regular activities - DNA is long thin strands (duplicated) |
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Prophase |
- DNA compacts into chromosomes - 2 identical DNA strands - nuclear membrane breaks down |
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Metaphase |
- chromosomes line up |
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Anaphase |
- centromere splits, chromatids seperates - chromatids known as daughter chromatids |
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Telophase |
- final stage of mitosis - chromosomes stretch out - nuclear membrane and 2 nuclei form |
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Cytokinesis |
- cytoplasm divides, 2 identical cells Plant Cells: cell wall developed Animal: cell membrane pinched off |
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Stages of Mitosis |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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What is Cancer? |
Disease where cells grow & divide out of control. |
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Tumor |
Mass of cells that continue to grow and divide. |
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Mutation |
A random change in DNA. |
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Where do mutations occur? |
During the death of a cell or allow the cell to survive and continue to grow & divide. |
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Reduce risk of cancer by... |
Eating superfoods, antioxadants, and having a healthy diet. |
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Technology used to find Cancer |
X-ray, ultrasound, endoscopy, CT scan, MRI |
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Cancer Treatments |
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, biophotonics |
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Cell Structure Hierarchy in Animals |
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms |
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Specialized Cells |
Cells that perform a specific function. |
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Tissue |
Collection of similar cells that perform a specific function. |
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The Tissue Types |
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve |
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Epithelial tissue |
- protection and low-friction surfaces Example: skin, digestive system lining |
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Connective tissue |
- support and insulation Example: bone, tendons, blood |
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Organ System |
System of organs working together to perform a function. |
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Example of organ systems... |
Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System |
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Stem Cells |
Undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialised cells. |
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Embryonic Stem Cells |
Can differentiate into any type of cell. |
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Tissue Stem Cells |
Within specialised tissue, can only differentiate into certain types of cells. Example: bone marrow, umbilical cord |
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Digestive System Function |
- to chemically/mechanically break down food - produce usable nutrient molecules - excrete waste (and toxins by vomit and diarrhea) |
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Components in the Digestive System |
mouth & nose esophagus liver gall bladder stomach pancreas small & large intestine rectum & anus |
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Mouth |
Breaks down food Mechanically (teeth, tongue) Chemically (saliva) |
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Esophagus |
Muscles contract to move food down toward stomach. |
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Stomach |
- store food, continue digestion - chemicals break down food - stomach stirs contents (mechanical digestion) |
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Small Intestine |
- skinny tube, digestion & absorption occurs - enzymes complete chemical digestion - duodenum is where most digestion occurs - intestines have folds, helping absorption (nutrients) |
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Accessory Organs |
Pancreas - regulates sugar with insulin Liver - produces bile to break down fat Gall Bladder - stores bile |
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Large Intestine |
- short fat tube, absorption and waste exertion occurs - absorbs water, mineral, salt, essential nutrients (vitamin K) Constipation -> too much water absorbed Diarrhea -> too little absorbed |
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Respiratory System Function |
- gas exchange (provide O2 and remove CO2) - air pulled into lungs by lowering diaphram |
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Components of Respiratory System |
Mouth & Nose Pharynx & Larynx Trachea Lung Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphram |
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Nasal Cavity (respiratory) |
Filters, warms and moistens air. (mucus, cilia) |
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Oral Cavity (respiratory) |
Backup route for uptake of air. |
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Pharynx |
Passageway with respiratory and digestive systems. |
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Larynx |
- blocks food & liquids from entering trachea - flap called epiglottis - contains vocal chords |
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Trachea |
- carries air towards lungs - contains cilia which filter air |
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Lung |
Organ where gas exchange happens. |
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Bronchus |
Where trachea branches in the lungs. |
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Bronchioles |
- Smaller and more branched tubes - allows distribution of oxygen throughout lungs |
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Alveoli |
- air sac made of thin cells - surrounded by capillaries (allow gas exchange in circulatory system) |
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Diaphram |
Air pulled into lungs by lowering diaphragm. |
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Respiratory System Diseases |
Tuberculosis (bacteria on lungs) Cancer Asthma (spasms in bronchi) SARS (flu-like) |
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Circulatory System Function |
To transport substances around the body. (oxygen, nutrients, etc.) |
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Parts of the Circulatory System |
Blood Blood Vessels Heart |
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Four Components of Blood |
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Plasma |
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Red Blood Cells(circulatory system) |
- 45% of blood - carry oxygen |
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White Blood Cells(circulatory system) |
- <1% of blood cells - fight bacteria and viruses |
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Platelets(circulatory system) |
- tiny cells, help with blood clotting - <1% of blood |
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Plasma (circulatory system) |
- 55% of blood - carries blood cells and proteins |
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Three types of Blood Vessels |
Arteries Veins Capillary |
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Arteries |
Pump blood away from the heart. (oxygenated blood) |
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Veins |
Carry blood toward heart. (carries carbon) |
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Capillaries |
Tiny blood cells allowing exchange of gasses. |
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Heart |
- rhythm of contraction and relaxation - rhythm allows blood to leave and enter heart |
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Benefits and Risks of Organ Transplantation |
- recipient lives healthy - rejection from the body |
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How does the digestion system work with the circulatory system. |
Circulatory system allows the nutrients, provided by the digestive system, to be distributed throughout the body. |
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List and explain the Human Heart's 4 chambers. |
Right Atrium - receives CO2 rich blood Right Ventricle - pump carbon blood into lungs Left Atrium - receives oxygen-rich blood Left Ventricle - pumps oxygen blood to body |