Global Politics

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Division Of Labor..

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the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of labor. Historically the growth of a more and more complex division of labour is closely associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrialization processes. Marx. fullness of production is essential to human liberation and accepted the idea of a strict division of labour only as a temporary necessary evil.It may be, for example, that it is technically necessary that both pleasant and unpleasant jobs must be done by a group of people. But from that fact alone, it does not follow that any particular person must do any particular (pleasant or unpleasant) job. If particular people get to do the unpleasant jobs and others the pleasant jobs, this cannot be explained by technical necessity; it is a socially made decision, which could be made using a variety of different criteria. The tasks could be rotated, or a person could be assigned to a task permanently, and so on.
Marx also suggests that the capitalist division of labour will evolve over time such that the maximum amount of labour is productive labor, where productive labour is defined as labour which creates surplus value.

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Watchman State

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Taxation, protection, mutinity, and land, war-making. Est of police force. Est of effective taxes, extract and funnel resources for military

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"Economic Backwardness" (Gershenkron

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Gerschenkron postulated that the more backward an economy was at the outset of development the more certain conditions were likely to occur during growth: consumption would be squeezed in favor of investment (i.e., savings) in countries starting from farther behind, and there was likely to be a greater reliance on banks, state entities, and other means of directing investment, among other conditions. He never exactly defined how 'backwardness' was to be measured, though he alluded to a northwest-to-southeast axis within Europe, with the United Kingdom at the most advanced extreme and the Balkan countries at the least developed extreme.

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State

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a political association with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. A state usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the exercise of coercive violence for the people of the society in that territory, though its status as a state often depends in part on being recognized by a number of other states as having internal and external sovereignty over it.

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Marx's view of revolutions

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arx argued that socioeconomic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. . Some followers of Marx concluded, therefore, that a communist revolution is inevitable. However, Marx famously asserted in the eleventh of his Theses on Feuerbach that "philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point however is to change it", and he clearly dedicated himself to trying to alter the world. Consequently, most followers of Marx are not fatalists, but activists who believe that revolutionaries must organize social change.

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"Cult of Personality" (Krushchev's Secret Speech)

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arises when a country's leader uses mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise. Cults of personality are often found in dictatorships.Nikita Khrushchev recalled Marx's criticism in his 1956 "Secret Speech" denouncing Stalin to the 20th Party Congress:
Comrades, the cult of the individual acquired such monstrous size chiefly because Stalin himself, using all conceivable methods, supported the glorification of his own person. . . . One of the most characteristic examples of Stalin's self-glorification and of his lack of even elementary modesty is the edition of his Short Biography, which was published in 1948.[2]
This book is an expression of the most dissolute flattery, an example of making a man into a godhead, of transforming him into an infallible sage, "the greatest leader," "sublime strategist of all times and nations." Finally no other words could be found with which to lift Stalin up to the heavens.
We need not give here examples of the loathsome adulation filling this book. All we need to add is that they all were approved and edited by Stalin personally and some of them were added in his own handwriting to the draft text of the book.

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Political Decay

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Modernization breaks down old institutions without making new ones to replace the old one. Huntington

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Participation/Industrialization= Political instability

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Huntington. Modernization and industrialization bring about greater levels of participation. Voting=good, protesting=bad. Most important: Can your institution maintain order? Order is provided by institutions

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War-making as state-making

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Tilly. War creates institutions of modern state in Europe. Historically specific process. Land was the source of wealth. Equally sized competitors provide law and order for places you take over. Ex. police force, effective taxes. Extract and funnel resources for military

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Inherited territory and the primitive accuulation of power (Cohen et al)

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Cohen. Viloence in developing world has been misidentified as political disorder. must understand 'war making as state making' Borders don't make political entities w/ the example of Africa. Revolts are caused by beginning of accumulation of power. Taxes to pay for military

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Import-Substitution Industrialization

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ISI. Self sufficient model of industrialization. 1950-1980, make factories to substitute for imports. Create finished products instead of importing them.Tariffs, Trade barriers for imports. Quotas. Allows for competition. BENEFITS: Employment for local consumers creates industries, no focus on exports

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Vicious Cycle of Poverty

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Poor countries are poor because they're poor. Low savings>no $ to go into bank, so no banks have $>no $ to lend>low investment>low production>low employment>low income. GIANT circle of poverty. Can turn it into a cycle of grown by setting up a factory and it increases everything

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Raw Material/Agricultural Exports

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Ex of bananas. Should export finished products.

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"the development of underdevelopment"

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Gunder-Frank. Core exploits the periphery. Raw material in exchange for manufactured goods. Dependency theorists. Never going to rise above periphery or won't stop selling bananas

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Core vs. Periphery

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Periphery is exploited by core. Periphery depends on core

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Export- Oriented Industrialization

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opposite of ISI. NICs industrialized by focusing on exports

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East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs)

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NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached first world status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Another characterization of NICs is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth (usually export-oriented). Incipient or ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of a NIC. In many NICs, social upheaval can occur as primarily rural, agricultural populations migrate to the cities, where the growth of manufacturing concerns and factories can draw many thousands of laborers. Benefit from low labor costs.

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Developmental State

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the phenomenon of state-led macroeconomic planning in East Asia in the late twentieth century. Emphasis on market share over profit
Economic nationalism
Protection of fledging domestic industries
Focus on foreign technology transfer
Large government bureaucracy
Alliance between the state, labour and industry called corporatism
Skepticism of neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus
Prioritization of economic growth over political reform
Legitimacy and Performance

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Cultural explanations of the NIC's success

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Protestant ethic of values, focus on families, saving and working hard

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1973 Oil Shock/Oil Boom

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4x increase in price of oil, made it harder for developing countries to develop, banks have an excess of capital

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Washington Consensus

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policy enforced by international institutions. sell state facotires, get rid of tariffs, reduce domestic regulation, balance your budget

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3 Fictitious Commodities

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LAND LABOR AND MONEY, Polanyi. Theyre ficticious because they are not produced. Land=nature, Labor= human beings. $=just a way for paying for things. Market society= turning land labor and money to where they can have a price. Price determines value.

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Enclosures

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Land. Get rid of common lands and give land a price. Parliaments turn common land into private property of nobles, pushes people out of agriculture and into cities. Created a market in land not labor.POLANYI

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Double Movement

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POLANYI. state first creates the market then has to step in and regulate it. Society cannot withstand the true market b/c its not natural. Market forces are too brutal. Laws protect workers. Regulate supply and demand. Natural response by society to an unnatural market