Gi Pathology

Front 1

What are the functions of the Alimentary System that must work properly to maintain animal health?

Back 1

1. Aquire nutrients

2. Digest nutrients

3. Absorb nutrients

4. Expel nutrients

Hint 1

4 functions dealing with nutrients

Front 2

What are the 5 major compartment of the Alimentary System?

Back 2

1. Oral cavity

2. Esophagus

3. Stomach

4. Small intestine

5. Large intestine

Front 3

What are the 4 defense mechanisms of the Alimentary System?

Back 3

1. Washing

2. Cell turnover

3. Competition

4. Immunity

Front 4

What does washing do?

Back 4

Composed of saliva, mucus and fluid secretions that flush bacteria before adherence to enterocytes

Front 5

1. What does cell turnover accomplish?

2. What type of epithelium covers the upper and lower GI?

Back 5

1. Damage is rapidly repaired by quick turn over (~7d esophagus; ~3d S. Intestine)

2. Upper GI = strat squamous epi

Lower GI = mucosal epi

Front 6

What does competition accomplish?

Back 6

The normal intestine flora limits niches available for invading organisms

Front 7

What 3 things does immunity compose of and their functions.

Back 7

1. Paneth cells in the crypts that produce antimicrobial peptides

2. GALT in Peyer’s patches

3. M cells that deliver antigen to GALT to aid in secretion of immunoglobulins by plasma cells

Front 8

What are the 5 structures that compose the oral cavity?

Back 8

1. Tongue

2. Teeth

3. Pharynx

4. Tonsils

5. Salivary glands

Front 9

1. What is the function of the tongue?

2. What is on the tongue for taste?

3. What does the tongue contribute to?

Back 9

1. functions to mix and moisten food with saliva to form a bolus worth swallowing

2. sensory taste buds

3. heat loss mechanism (panting in dogs)

Front 10

Define stomatitis, glossitis, gingivitis.

Back 10

1. Stomatitis = inflammation inside the mouth

2. Glossitis = inflammation of the tongue

3. Gingivitis = inflammation of the gingiva

Front 11

What is the difference between brachydont and hypsodont teeth (species, growth, enamel, cementum)?

Back 11

brachydont (low-crown teeth): carnivores/pigs/humans; short/stop growing after eruption; enamel covers crown; cementum limited to subgingival tooth (root)

Hypsodont (high-crown teeth): herbivore cheek teeth; continuous growth; infundibula = folds of cementum & enamel; cementum covers entire tooth

Front 12

Where is the pharynx?

Back 12

Caudal portion; where respiratory and digestive tracts intersect

Front 13

1. What are tonsils?

2. Do they have afferent or efferent lymphatics?

3. What type of epithelium are they covered by?

Back 13

1. Lymphoid tissue

2. NO afferent lymphatics

3. Strat squamous epi

Front 14

1. What are the types of secretions in the salivary glands?

2. What are their functions?

Back 14

1. Serous and mucoid (mixed) or serous secretions

2. Digest (minor role), moisten, lubricate food

Front 15

what are the clinical signs of oral cavity diseases?

Back 15

1. Dysphagia = difficulty swallowing

2. Ptyalism = excessive salivation

3. Halitosis = “bad breath”

4. Pain

Front 16

1. What are the 2 developmental anomalies of the oral cavity?

2. What do they interfere with?

Back 16

1. Palatoschisis (cleft palate) & cheiloschisis (cleft lip)

2. Interfere with nursing, nasal infections, aspiration pneumonia

Front 17

What is this anomalie?

Back 17

palatoschisis (cleft palate)

Front 18

1. How can an animal get cleft palate?

2. What is it a defect in?

3. How often does it occur?

Back 18

1. Genetic or aquired (e.g., toxin) in utero

2. Defect in the fusion of the palatine shelves (both hard & soft palate)

3. Occurs sporadically in all species

Front 19

What is this anomalie? And what is it a failure of?

Back 19

1. cheiloschisis (cleft lip; hare lip)

2. Failure of fusion of upper lip along midline or philtrum

Front 20

What are the 4 types of cell/tissue injury oral diseases (occur as a secondary change in many oral diseases)

Back 20

1. Dental calculus (tartar)

2. Abnormal dental attrition

3. Equine infundibular necrosis

4. Enamel hypoplasia

Hint 20

DAEE

Front 21

What is this cell/tissue injury called?

Back 21

dental calculus (tartar)

Front 22

1. What does the dental calculus (tartar) begin as?

2. What does it form & lead to?

Back 22

1. Begins as plaque

2. Salivary proteins and mixed with bacteria -> forming biofilm -> and eventually calculus (tartar)

Front 23

1. What causes caries?

2. What causes periodontal disease?

Back 23

1. SUPRAgingival plaque -> causes caries

2. SUBgingival plaque -> periodontal disease

Front 24

What is this cell/tissue injury called?

Back 24

abnormal dental attrition

Front 25

1. What is abnormal dental attrition?

2.What does it result in?

3. What is this called in horses?

Back 25

1. Age associated dental wear (2-3mm/year in horses)

2. Results in improper mastication of feed and malnutrition

3. Horses -> “step mouth”/ “wave mouth”

Front 26

What is this cell/tissue injury called

Back 26

equine infundibular necrosis

Front 27

In equine infundibular necrosis what is developed by the accumulation of food and bacteria in the infundibulum?

Back 27

fissure caries

Front 28

in equine infundibular necrosis what predisposes to infundibular impaction?

Back 28

incomplete infundibular cementum formation before the tooth erupts

Front 29

what tooth is equine infundibular necrosis most likely to develop in?

Back 29

maxillary first molar (M1) which is the first permanent tooth to erupt and is exposed to more stress

Front 30

What is this cell/tissue injury called?

Back 30

enamel hypoplasia

Front 31

1. What is the main virus that causes enamel hypoplasia in DOGS?

2. How does this virus affect the enamel?

Back 31

1. Canine distemper virus (CDV)

2. Before permanent teeth are erupted, the ameloblasts (which form enamel) are infected by the virus and die -> exposes dentin

Front 32

In enamel hypoplasia, what causes chalky, discolored enamel in cattle and sheep?

Back 32

fluoride toxicosis

Excessive fluoride during odontogenesis (6-36 mon.) -> incorporated into enamel -> softer enamel (hypomineralization) -> chalky discolored enamel

Front 33

What does fluoride toxicosis do to the ameloblasts (which form enamel)?

Back 33

Causes atrophy of ameloblasts

Front 34

What are the 6 non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity?

Back 34

1. Uremic stomatitis/glossitis

2. Periodontal disease

3. Gingival hyperplasia, chronic gingivitis

4. feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis-stomatitis

5. Eosinophilic stomatitides (feline eosinophilic ulcer, feline eosinophilic granuloma, canine eosinophilic granuloma)

6. Sialadentitis

Hint 34

UP GF ES

Front 35

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity.

Back 35

uremic stomatitis and

Uremic glossitis

Front 36

1. What is uremic stomatitis/glossitis?

2. What is it associated with?

Back 36

1. Extensive ulceration of the oral mucosa and the tongue

2. Associated with chronic kidney disease/renal dysfunction

Front 37

1. What is the pathogenesis of uremic stomatitis/glossitis?

2. What is a classic clinical presentation of this disease?

Back 37

1. pathogenesis is not fully understood

- high levels of salivary ammonia is considered to damage epithelial cells

2.often have ammonia or uremic odor of the breath

Front 38

What may contribute to uremic stomatitis/glossitis?

Back 38

- uremic vasculitis

- impaired micro vascular perfusion

Front 39

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity.

Back 39

periodontitis (peridontal disease)

Front 40

What is periodontitis (peridontal disease) caused by?

Back 40

- inflammatory disease

- caused by bacterial infections of structures supporting the teeth (gingiva, periodontal membrane, alveolar bone)

Front 41

what is the pathogenesis of periodontitis (periodontal disease)?

Back 41

- begins as plaque -> biofilm formation -> dental tartar/calculus -> acids and enzymes produced by bacteria cause destructive inflammation -> inducing cavity formation, tooth loss, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, endocarditis

Front 42

What is the clinical presentation of periodontitis (periodontal disease)?

Back 42

Gingival recession with exposure of roots of teeth

Front 43

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity.

Back 43

gingival hyperplasia -> chronic gingivitis

Front 44

1. What is gingival hyperplasia?

2. What does it consist of?

3. What is it a common response to?

4. What kind of breed is it most prevalent in?

Back 44

1. Benign non-neoplastic lesion of gingival tissues

2. Consists of connective and epithelial tissue

3. Chronic inflammation (tartar, periodontal disease, malocclusion)

4. Brachycephalic breeds

Front 45

What do you notice in this microscopic image of gingival hyperplasia?

Back 45

- thick stratified mucosal epi

- inflammation

Front 46

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity

Back 46

feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis (LPGS)

Front 47

1.What is LPGS associated with? 2. What is the clinical presentation?

3. What are the clinical signs?

Back 47

1. Idiopathic conditions of cats; associations hypothesized between the presence of bacteria +/- virus (calicivirus, FeLV, and/or FIP infection)

2. Chronic, red, inflamed gums, oral mucosa

3. Fetid breath, inappetence, very painful

Front 48

What are the three eosinophilic inflammatory conditions in the mouth mentioned in lecture?

Back 48

1. Eosinophilic ulcer of cats

2. Eosinophilic granuloma of cats

3. Canine oral eosinophilic granuloma

Front 49

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. What is the predominant cell type shown microscopically?

Back 49

1. Eosinophilic ulcer of cats (“indolent ulcer”, “rodent ulcers”)

2. Eosinophils

Front 50

1Where do you see eosinophilic ulcers of cats?

2. What complex is this disease associated with?

3. What is the cause?

Back 50

1. Upper lip, left and/or right of midline

2. One of the feline eosinophilic granuloma complex: (eosinophilic granuloma and eosinophilic plaque)

3. Cause unknown — immune related suspected

Front 51

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity

Back 51

eosinophilic granuloma of cats

Front 52

1. Where do eosinophilic granulomas develop?

2. What is the cause?

Back 52

1. May develop in the mouth; oral mucosa such as the gums, palate, tongue

2. Cause unknown — immune mediated suspected

Front 53

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. What cell type is predominant?

Back 53

1. Canine oral eosinophilic granuloma

2. Eosinophils

Front 54

1. what breeds are predisposed to canine oral eosinophilic granulomas?

2. What kind of condition is this in other breeds?

Back 54

1. Siberian huskies & cavalier King Charles spaniels — familial/hereditary basis

2. Idiopathic condition in other species

Front 55

1. What is the suspected cause of canine oral eosinophilic granulomas?

2. What is it responsive to?

3. What is it mistaken for?

Back 55

1. Immune mediated suspected

2. Usually corticosteroid responsive, but relapses are common

3. Grossly & microscopically mistaken for neoplasm (e.g., oral mast cell tumor)

Front 56

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity

Back 56

salivary mucocele (sialomucocele)

Front 57

Name this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity

Back 57

Ranula

Front 58

regarding epithelium, what is the difference between salivary mucocele (sialomucocele) and ranula?

Back 58

- silaomucocele: pseudocyst, NOT lined by epithelium & filled with saliva

- ranula: is a true cyst lined by epithelium

Front 59

1. What is the cause of salivary mucocele (sialomucocele)?

2. What is it secondary to?

3. Is surgery an option?

Back 59

1. Cause is unknown

2. May be secondary to traumatic rupture of the salivary duct, with resultant leakage with inflammation

3. Surgical extraction is difficult

Front 60

1. What is ranula?

2. Where does it occur?

3. What causes it?

Back 60

1. Cystic, saliva-filled distinction of the duct of the sublingual and submaxillary salivary gland

2. Occurs on the floor of the mouth, alongside the tongue

3. Cause unknown; some do to sialoliths

Front 61

1. What is sialadentitis?

2. What causes it?

Back 61

1. Inflammation of the salivary gland

2. Can be caused by duct obstruction, migrating foreign body

- rare in domestic animals

Front 62

name is this non-infectious inflammatory disease of the oral cavity.

Back 62

sialolith (stone in the salivary gland or duct)

Front 63

1. What is the pathogenesis of a sialolith?

2. What disease(s) do sialoliths cause?

Back 63

1. Secondary to sialadentitis -> sloughed cells or inflammatory exudate -> forms a nidus for mineral accretion

2. One cause of sialomucocele and ranula formation

Front 64

What are the 6 infectious VIRAL diseases of the oral cavity?

Back 64

1. Feline calcivirus

2. Vesicular diseases — 4 reportable diseases

3. BVD-MD

4. Malignant catarrhal fever

5. Viral papilloma

6. Contagious ecthyma (Orf)

Front 65

What are the 2 infectious BACTERIAL diseases of the oral cavity?

Back 65

1. Calf diphtheria

2. Wooden tongue

Front 66

What is the 1 infectious FUNGAL disease of the oral cavity?

Back 66

Thrush

Front 67

Name this infectious viral disease of the oral cavity?

Back 67

feline calicivirus

Front 68

What is the primary upper respiratory pathogen of felines?

Back 68

feline calicivirus

Front 69

1. What is the pathogenesis of feline calicivirus?

Back 69

Begin as vesicle (vesicular stomatitis/glossitis) -> rapidly rupture -> ulcerative stomatitis/glossitis

Front 70

Define vesicle

Back 70

Small circumscribed elevation of the epidermis/mucosal epithelium containing a serous fluid

Front 71

1. Where are the lesions often present in feline calicivirus ?

2. What are other lesions that can be seen?

Back 71

1. On the dorsal surface or lateral margins of the tongue and on the hard palate

2. Conjunctival edema & pneumonia (kittens)

Front 72

What are the 4 reportable vesicular stomatitides of importance in the US and the species infected?

Back 72

1. Foot-and-mouth disease: ruminants and pigs

2. Vesicular stomatitis: ruminants, pigs, horses!

3. Vesicular exanthema of swine

4. Swine vesicular disease

Front 73

1. Is viral vesicular stomatitides contagious?

2. What type of pathogen is it?

3. What does it cause?

Back 73

1. Highly contagious

2. Epitheliotropic viral pathogen

3. Cause chronic ill-thrift

Front 74

Why does viral vesicular stomatitides cause great economic loss?

Back 74

- poor weight gain

- decreased milk production

- occasionally abortion

Front 75

1. Is viral vesicular stomatitides fatal?

2. What are the lesions?

3. How does the virus enter?

Back 75

1. NON-FATAL

2. Lesions: vesicles, ulcers in the oral cavity, nares, muzzle, teats and feet

3. Viral entry into areas of mucosal ulceration from normal mastication

Front 76

Can you distinguish the 4 types of viral vesicular diseases from one another?

Back 76

- No

- gross and microscopic lesions of these 4 diseases are very similar

Front 77

What is the pathogenesis of viral vesicular stomatitides?

Back 77

Viral infected epithelial cell (epitheliotrophic) -> cell death -> circumferential spread -> vesicular stomatitis (vesicles -> erosions/ulcers)

Front 78

What are the 3 main viral differentials for ulcers besides FMD and vesicular stomatitis in bovine?

Back 78

1) malignant catarrhal fever (ovine herpes virus 2)

2) BVD- mucosal disease (pestivirus)

3) bovine papular stomatitis (parapoxvirus)

Front 79

What disease, that affects cattle and other ruminants, is caused by several gamma herpesviruses?

Back 79

malignant catarrhal fever

Front 80

1. What viruses cause MCF in Africa versus US?

2. What animal is mainly infected in Africa vs US?

Back 80

1. -Africa: Alcelaphine herpesvirus

- US: ovine herpesvirus 2, canine herpesvirus 2, white-tailed deer herpesvirus

1. - Africa: endemic in African wildebeest

- US: American bison

Front 81

1. What are the clinical signs of MCF

2. Is it fatal?

Back 81

1. Catarrhal inflammation (mucopurulent exudation), erosion, ulceration affecting the upper respiratory, ocular and oral mucosa

2. Frequently fatal (no treatment option)

Front 82

1. What type of virus causes BVD?

2. Serotypes?

3. Biotypes?

Back 82

1. Pestivirus

2. Serotypes: type 1 and type 2

3. Biotypes: cytopathic and non-cytopathic

Front 83

1. How severe is the disease when immunocompetent cattle get infected by BVD virus?

2. Is it contagious? Fatal?

Back 83

1. Often subclinical or mild

2. Highly contagious, rarely fatal

Front 84

1. When does BVD-MD occur?

2. When does BVD virus occur?

Back 84

1. BVD-MD: when a calf is infected in utero with non-cytopathic

2. BVD: first trimester of gestation (so that a calf is immunotolerant to BVD virus and persistently infected) is exposed to cytopathic BVD virus

Front 85

Describe PI calves

(immune response, shedding, lifespan, clinical signs)

Back 85

- unable to mount effective immune response

- shed virus throughout life

- do not live beyond 2 years — nearly 100% fatality rate

- poor growth, anorexia, diarrhea, fever, mucoid nasal discharge, ulcerative lesions throughout GI tract, Peyer’s patch necrosis

Front 86

1. True/False: parapox stomatitides is zoonotic

2. What are the two kinds of parapox stomatitides?

Back 86

1. True :)

2. Bovine papular stomatitis

& contagious ecthyma (aka Orf in sheep)

Front 87

name this viral infectious disease of the oral cavity.

Back 87

- bovine papular stomatitis

- microscopically: ballooning degeneration of epithelial cells (swollen) with intracytoplasmic inclusions

Front 88

1. What age range is prone to bovine papular stomatitis?

2. What are the clinical signs?

Back 88

1. Young cattle 1 mon.- 2 y/o

2. Raised red papules (circumscribed solid elevation), erosions, ulceration on the oral mucosa, esophagus, and forestomachs

Front 89

name is this viral infectious disease of the oral cavity.

Back 89

contagious ecthyma, aka Orf in sheep

Front 90

1. What is the pathogenesis of contagious ecthyma (Orf)?

2. Where does it occur?

3. Is it self-limiting?

Back 90

1. Epithelial proliferation -> Macule, papule, pustule (collection of pus in the epidermis) -> scab

2. Corners of mouth and muzzle

3. Self-limiting

Front 91

name this viral infectious disease of the oral cavity.

Back 91

viral papilloma

Front 92

1. What induces viral papilloma?

2. What age is it typically seen in?

Back 92

1. Papullomavirus induced

2. Typically young animals

- dogs < 3y/o

Front 93

1. Describe the lesions of viral papilloma?

2. Is it transmissible?

Back 93

1. Single or multiple, cauliflower-like lesions

- lesions typically regress spontaneously

- can extend into the esophagus and forestomach in cattle

2. Transmissible

Front 94

Describe this microscopic image of viral papilloma.

Back 94

Papillary projection lined by severe hyperkeratosis

Front 95

1. What is bacterial stomatitides typically associated with?

2. What are the 2 normal flora bacteria that are opportunistic?

Back 95

1. Trauma — feeding, iatrogenic, foreign body

2. Actinobacillus and Fusobacterium

Front 96

Name this bacterial infectious disease of the oral cavity.

Back 96

wooden tongue (glossal actinobacillosis)

Front 97

1. What causes wooden tongue?

2. What is this bacteria an opportunistic invader of?

3. What are the clinical signs?

Back 97

1. Actinobacillus lignieresii (gram neg, normal flora)

2. Opportunistic invader of damaged lingual tissue (particularly in cattle)

3. (Pyo)granulomatous inflammation with centrally located radiated club-like structures (immunoglobulin molecules) “Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon)

Front 98

Name this bacterial infectious disease of the oral cavity.

Back 98

calf diphtheria (oral necrobacillosis)

Front 99

1. What bacteria causes calf diphtheria?

2. What are the clinical signs?

Back 99

1. Fusobacerium necrophorum (gram neg, anaerobe, filamentous rods)

2. Necrotizing and ulcerative inflammation of the buccal and pharyngeal mucosa and also the laryngeal mucosa

Front 100

1. What causes calf diphtheria?

2. What are the predisposing factors?

Back 100

1. Injuries to the mouth with secondary infection by F. necrophorum

2. Trauma, IBR (BoHV-1), bovine papular stomatitis (parapoxvirus)

Front 101

Name this fungal infectious disease of the oral cavity.

Back 101

mycotic stomatitis (Thrush) — Candida albicans

Front 102

1. What type of epithelium does thrush infect?

2. What species?

Back 102

1. Diseases of keratinized stratified epi

2. Young animals (particularly pigs, calves and foals)

Front 103

1. What are common causes of thrush?

2. What may kill normal flora within the oral cavity?

3. What is the pathogenesis?

Back 103

1. Immunosuppression, stress, chemotherapy, anti-inflammatories

2. Antibiotic use

3. Exists as budding yeast -> invade as branching, filamentous pseudohyphae and hyphae that replace the yeast forms

Front 104

What are the 3 most common malignant oral tumors of dogs?

Back 104

1. Melanoma

2. Squamous cell carcinoma

3. Fibrosarcoma

Front 105

What are the 2 most common oral cavity neoplasia of the cat?

Back 105

1. Squamous cell carcinoma

2. Fibrosarcoma

Front 106

What is the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs?

Back 106

oral melanoma

- rare in cats and large animals

Front 107

1. Where do oral melanomas arise from?

2. Canine oral melanomas are almost always __________ (benign/malignant).

Back 107

1. Arise from melanocytes of the oral mucosa or lips

2. Malignant

- often metastasize

Front 108

What is the most common malignant oral tumor in cats and 2nd most common in dogs?

Back 108

oral squamous cell carcinoma

Front 109

1. Where do oral SCC arise from?

2. Describe its invasiveness.

Back 109

1. Arising form squamous epi cells of the oral mucosa or lips

2. Locally invasive, bone invasion, metastases typically occur in the late stage

Front 110

1. What 2 locations have higher metastatic potential for oral SCC in dogs?

2. Where does oral SCC commonly develop in cats?

Back 110

1. Caudal oral cavity and tonsils

2. Ventral tongue, along the frenulum and gingiva

Front 111

What is oral fibrosarcoma a neoplasm of?

Back 111

Fibroblasts (a mesenchymal cell)

Front 112

Describe the invasiveness of oral fibrosarcoma.

Back 112

locally invasive

Bone invasion is common

Moderate potential to metastasize (~35% metastasize)

Front 113

A benign proliferation of gingival epithelium and stroma describes what oral neoplasm?

Back 113

peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF)

Front 114

1. What is POF derived from?

2. What 3 diseases have been reclassified as POF?

Back 114

1. Derived form periodontal ligaments

2. Fibromatous epulis, ossifiying epulis, and fibromatous ossifying epulis

Front 115

1. Does POF invade bone?

2. What is the treatment?

Back 115

1. Do NOT invade bone

2. Local surgical excision is typically curative