Geology Test 1

Front 1

The scientific study of earth

Back 1

Geology

Front 2

The economic systems of western civilization currently depend on _____ and ______ energy sources.

Back 2

abundant; cheap

Front 3

What are the 5 most dangerous geologic hazards?

Back 3

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, tsunamis

Front 4

The study of Earth's materials, changes of the surface and interior of the earth, and the forces that cause those changes

Back 4

physical geology

Front 5

Products of Earth's sudden release of energy

Back 5

volcanic eruptions

Front 6

A hot, turbulent mixture of expanding gases and volcanic ash that flows rapidly down the side of a volcano

Back 6

pyroclastic flow

Front 7

A slurry of water and rock debris that flows down a stream channel

Back 7

mudflow

Front 8

The envelope of gases surrounding the earth

Back 8

atmosphere

Front 9

Water on or near the Earth's surface

Back 9

hydrosphere

Front 10

Frozen regions of Earth (ice, snow)

Back 10

cryosphere

Front 11

All living or once living organisms

Back 11

biosphere

Front 12

Aka, solid earth system; The solid rocky earth (the bulk of the planet)

Back 12

geosphere

Front 13

Earth's 3 compositional layers

Back 13

crust, mantle, core

Front 14

The crust that is thick and less dense

Back 14

continental crust

Front 15

The crust that is thin and more dense

Back 15

oceanic crust

Front 16

Devices that convert heat energy into mechanical energy

Back 16

heat engines

Front 17

Consists of the crust plus the uppermost mantle and makes up the earth's plates (100 km thick)

Back 17

Lithosphere

Front 18

Layer within upper mantle that is capable of flow

Back 18

asthenosphere

Front 19

The forces generated inside the earth that cause deformation of rock as well as vertical and horizontal movement of portions of the earth's crust

Back 19

tectonic forces

Front 20

Primordial heat left over from the earth's formation and heatfrom the decay of radioactive isotopes

Back 20

sources of internal heat

Front 21

The thermal gradient from the hot core-mantle boundary up to the upper mantle gives rise to solid-state convection within the mantle

Back 21

convection

Front 22

Fit of continents and rocks/fossils match across continents. Initially proposed in early 1900s

Back 22

continental drift hypothesis

Front 23

Regards the lithosphere as broken into plates that are in motion

Back 23

plate tectonics

Front 24

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries

Back 24

divergent, convergent, transform

Front 25

Type of plate boundary that moves apart (mid-ocean ridge)

Back 25

divergent

Front 26

Type of plate boundary that moves together (subduction zone)

Back 26

convergent

Front 27

Type of plate boundary that slides past each other

Back 27

transform

Front 28

Rock that forms when magma solidifies

Back 28

igneous rock

Front 29

The 2 layers based on mechanical behavior

Back 29

lithosphere, asthenosphere

Front 30

Primarily found at divergent and convergent plate boundaries

Back 30

volcanism

Front 31

Occurs along plate boundaries of all 3 types

Back 31

seismicity

Front 32

4 types of surficial processes

Back 32

isostatic adjustment, external heat engine, erosion, sedimentation

Front 33

Vertical movement of sections's of earth's crust to achieve balance

Back 33

isostatic adjustment

Front 34

3 processes at earth's surface

Back 34

uplift, weather and erosion, depositon

Front 35

Volcanic and/or plate tectonic forces build crust up above sea level

Back 35

uplift

Front 36

Drives most surficial processes; driven by the radiative heat from the sun

Back 36

external heat engine

Front 37

Eroded sediments are transported to low energy environments where they accumulate

Back 37

sedimentation

Front 38

Nearly all rocks are made of ______

Back 38

minerals

Front 39

A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, or physical properties

Back 39

mineral

Front 40

"perfectly formed" minerals

Back 40

crystals

Front 41

10 physical properties of minerals

Back 41

color, streak, luster, hardness, crystal form, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, magnetism, chemical reaction

Front 42

The basic building block of the elements

Back 42

atom

Front 43

Protons and neutrons; protons have a +1 charge, neutrons are neutral

Back 43

nucleus

Front 44

Have a -1 charge

Back 44

electrons

Front 45

Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

Back 45

isotopes

Front 46

Positively (cation) or negatively (anion) charged atoms (protons and electrons are not balanced)

Back 46

ions

Front 47

Bonds that form between cations and anions due to attraction between positive and negative charges of each

Back 47

ionic bonds

Front 48

Bonds that form through sharing of outer (valence) electrons between atoms

Back 48

covalent bonds

Front 49

The most abundant element in the crust

Back 49

Oxygen

Front 50

Most rock-forming minerals are _____

Back 50

silicates

Front 51

Ions and atoms bond together in very orderly, three-dimensional structures that are _______

Back 51

crystalline

Front 52

A naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals

Back 52

rock

Front 53

Rocks that crystallize from magma/lava

Back 53

igneous rocks

Front 54

Molten rock, usually rich in silica and containing dissolved gases (forms intrusive igneous rocks)

Back 54

magma

Front 55

Magma on the earth's surface (forms extrusive igneous rocks)

Back 55

lava

Front 56

Igneous rocks that contain abundant dark-colored minerals

Back 56

mafic

Front 57

Igneous rocks that contain roughly equal amounts of dark and light-colored minerals

Back 57

intermediate

Front 58

Igneous rocks that contain abundant light-colored minerals

Back 58

felsic (silicic)

Front 59

The second most abundant element in Earth's crust by weight is ______

Back 59

silicon

Front 60

The upper mantle if composed predominately of the rock _______ and its high pressure phases

Back 60

peridoite

Front 61

Pillow basalts often form due to _______

Back 61

Submarine eruptions

Front 62

Eruptions of shield volcanoes fed by mafic magma tend ________

Back 62

Not to be explosive or particularly dangerous

Front 63

The basic building block of silicate minerals is _________

Back 63

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Front 64

The geothermal gradient in the upper part of the crust ____________

Back 64

is the rate which temperatures increase with increasing depth

Front 65

The upper mantle is composed predominantly of the rock peridotite, which is ________

Back 65

ultra mafic

Front 66

The most important factor for affecting the texture of an igneous rock is the ______ of the magma

Back 66

rate of cooling

Front 67

Diorite and andesite differ most in ______

Back 67

texture

Front 68

The property of some minerals to break along preferred orientations is called _______

Back 68

cleavage

Front 69

Mafic magma is generated at divergent boundaries because of _________

Back 69

decompression melting

Front 70

An atomic particle with a +1 charge is a _______

Back 70

proton

Front 71

Atoms containing unequal numbers of protons and electrons are called ________

Back 71

ions

Front 72

A volcanic feature associated with basalts

Back 72

lava tubes

Front 73

In ____ _____, cations bond with anions because of the opposite charges

Back 73

ionic bonding

Front 74

______ often form from the collapse of overlying rock in to a large magma chamber following violent eruptions

Back 74

calderas

Front 75

Isotopes of the same element have different ____ ______

Back 75

atomic masses

Front 76

Forms when magma solidifies in a passageway of volcano

Back 76

volcanic neck

Front 77

vertical intrusion that cuts across country rock

Back 77

dike

Front 78

horizontal intrusion that parallels layering in country rock

Back 78

sill

Front 79

transfer of heat through matter by contact

Back 79

conduction

Front 80

transfer of heat by motion of fluid

Back 80

convection

Front 81

transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves emitted by an object

Back 81

radiation

Front 82

Temperatures at which minerals melt increase at greater pressures

Back 82

heat vs. pressure

Front 83

Mafic magmas will crystallize into _____ or ______ if early-formed minerals are not removed from the magma

Back 83

basalt, gabbro

Front 84

Intermediate magmas will similarly crystallize in to _____ or ______ if minerals are not removed

Back 84

diorite, andesite

Front 85

Seperation of early-formed ferromagnesian menerals from a magma body _______ the silica content of the remaining magma

Back 85

increases

Front 86

Magma becomes more ________ as crystals are removed

Back 86

silica-rich

Front 87

Igneous activity occurs at _____ and ______ plate boundaries

Back 87

convergent and divergent

Front 88

High silica content; light color

Back 88

rhyolite

Front 89

Low silica content; dark colored

Back 89

basalt

Front 90

Intermediate silica content; intermediate color

Back 90

andesite

Front 91

Blobs of ejected lava that solidify in flight

Back 91

volcanic bombs

Front 92

Rock composed of fine-grained pyroclastic material

Back 92

tuff

Front 93

Opening through which lava erupts

Back 93

vent

Front 94

depression over the vent at the summit of a volcano

Back 94

crater

Front 95

depression much larger that crater (>1 km)

Back 95

caldera

Front 96

4 types of volcanoes

Back 96

shield, cinder cones, composite, volcanic domes

Front 97

Low and broad volcano, gently-sloping, and built by low-viscosity lava flows (basalts)

Back 97

shield volcano

Front 98

Small,steeply sloping volcano, composed of a pile of loose cinders

Back 98

cinder cone

Front 99

Volcano that contains a mixture of types and is composed of layers of both pyroclastic debris and solidified lava flows

Back 99

composite volcano

Front 100

A volcano with high silica content and high viscosity felsic lavas; often glassy (obsidian)

Back 100

volcanic domes

Front 101

The more ______ , the more viscous the lava is

Back 101

silica

Front 102

Rocks that solidified too rapidly for crystals to develop form a natural glass called ______

Back 102

obsidian

Front 103

_______ are the result of volcanic explosions

Back 103

pyroclasts

Front 104

The group of destructive processes that change the physical and chemical character of rocks at or near earth's surface

Back 104

weathering

Front 105

The physical picking up of rock particles by water, ice, or wind

Back 105

erosion

Front 106

The movement of eroded particles by water, ice, or wind

Back 106

transportation

Front 107

Positive role of erosion

Back 107

generates soils

Front 108

Negative role of erosion

Back 108

deteriorates buildings

Front 109

When different rock types weather at different rates

Back 109

differential weathering

Front 110

mechanical effect of freezing (and expanding) water in rocks

Back 110

frost wedging

Front 111

Removal of mass of overlying rocks, allows for expansion of buried rock and fracturing

Back 111

pressure release

Front 112

Form from submarine eruptions

Back 112

pillow basalts

Front 113

Form at convergent plate boundaries due to addition of water to mantle above subducting slab

Back 113

andesites and granites

Front 114

Removal of early formed crystals

Back 114

differentiation