Geology Exam 4

Front 1

How do waves effect shorelines

Back 1

generated by wind, erode rock, and deposits/moves sediment

Front 2

How do rivers effect the shoreline

Back 2

sediment accumulates forming a delta

Front 3

how does wind effect the shoreline

Back 3

move sand depending on wind direction

Front 4

how do offshore currents effect the shoreline

Back 4

effects thickness of water and can push shallow water in one direction and deeper water in another

Front 5

how does faulting effect the shoreline

Back 5

can raise parts of the coast above sea level or drop them

Front 6

Slope of the seafloor

Back 6

steep slopes allow large waves to break directly against rocks, gentle slopes cause waves to break a short distance offshore

Front 7

Wave directions changes with the ...

Back 7

seasons

Front 8

Factors on the landside of the shoreline

Back 8

hard/soft rock, wet/dry climate, and long narrow inlets and bays

Front 9

wet climate

Back 9

abundant precipitation for erosion, formation of soil and vegetation

Front 10

dry climate

Back 10

less vegetation, less soil, less stable slopes

Front 11

Tides

Back 11

cyclic changes in height of the sea surface

Front 12

high tide

Back 12

water at its highest point every 12 hours 25 minutes

Front 13

low tide

Back 13

water at its lowest point every 12 hours 25 minutes

Front 14

How tides relate to position of the moon

Back 14

water in ocean is pulled by gravity causing it to mound up on the side of earth nearest to moon, areas beneath mound experience high tide, not facing low tide

Front 15

Moon and earth for tides

Back 15

Earth rotates faster than the moon so area experience tow high tides and two low tides in 24 hours 50 minutes

Front 16

spring tides

Back 16

sun and moon are on same side of the earth, extra gravitational pull causes extreme tides

Front 17

neap tides

Back 17

lower than average high tides and higher than average low tides, when moon is pulling on one side and sun on another

Front 18

Parts of the wave

Back 18

trough, crest, wavelength, wave height, and depth of wave base

Front 19

trough

Back 19

lowest part of the wave

Front 20

crest

Back 20

highest part of the wave

Front 21

wavelength

Back 21

distance between crests

Front 22

wave height

Back 22

distance between trough and crest

Front 23

depth of wave base

Back 23

wavelength/2

Front 24

motion of water within a wave

Back 24

water within wave push against water in front of it, goes through 3 points and moves in circular path

Front 25

point A

Back 25

shallow water moves more then point B

Front 26

Point B

Back 26

deeper moves less than point A

Front 27

Point C

Back 27

below wave base does not move

Front 28

Picture of Points

Front 29

Why do waves rise and break as it reaches shallow water?

Back 29

gas molecules collide with surface of water, forms waves that gradually get bigger

Front 30

break

Back 30

wave becomes to steep and falls

Front 31

whitecap

Back 31

white, foamy water from a break

Front 32

surf zone

Back 32

where wave breaks

Front 33

what happens when wave reaches shallow water

Back 33

when a wave reaches water that is shallower than wave base, increases wave size, decreases wavelength

Front 34

Why do waves bend if they approach the shore at an angle

Back 34

segments closest to shore slow down and difference in velocity cause waves to be parallel to shore

Front 35

How do waves erode material

Back 35

waves crash against shoreline, breaking off pieces of bedrock

Front 36

Factors accompanied with wave erosion

Back 36

wave notch, wave cut platform

Front 37

wave notch

Back 37

undercuts overlying rock, leaving them unsupported and prone to collapse

Front 38

wave cut platform

Back 38

waves wash sand and stones across sea bottom and smooth off underlying bedrock

Front 39

What happens after rocks are broken off?

Back 39

water smashs rocks together rounding them off and making larger rocks smaller, helps future erosion

Front 40

Promontory

Back 40

ridge of the land that juts out from the water

Front 41

How does sand move to the beach

Back 41

storms, wind, longshore drift, after wave break

Front 42

after wave break

Back 42

water flows downslope carrying most of the sand with it

Front 43

storms

Back 43

larger waves carry more sediment and erodes more

Front 44

wind

Back 44

carries sand long distances, not if it is wet

Front 45

longshore drift

Back 45

waves come at an angle and sand moves laterally back into the sea

Front 46

sediment budget

Back 46

amount of sediment available to the system

Front 47

how do rivers effect amount of sand

Back 47

provide sediment to the system

Front 48

dunes

Back 48

sand blown onto the beach or from land

Front 49

Waves and amount of sand

Back 49

erode reefs and offshore islands carrying more sediment

Front 50

white sand beach origin

Back 50

com from eroded coral reef and shells

Front 51

sea stack

Back 51

forms at a promontory, wave focuses erosion on front and sides which creates a cave and eventual sea stack

Front 52

spit

Back 52

forms when waves and longshore currents transport sand along coast building long mound lengthening in the direction of the current

Front 53

baymouth bar

Back 53

if spit grows it can cut off a bay, bar shelters bay from moves and allows it to be filled with sediment

Front 54

barrier islands

Back 54

sea level rises

Front 55

Features of cape cod

Back 55

large spit, also bars and barrier islands, most sediment was deposited by glaciers 18,000 years ago

Front 56

seawall

Back 56

consist of concrete, steel, or other strong material, built in rip rap form, there is loss of beach in front of wall

Front 57

rip rap

Back 57

large rocks and other debris is locally dumped on shoreline to armor the coast

Front 58

jetty

Back 58

juts out into the water, usually protects sides of shipping channel

Front 59

consequences of a jetty

Back 59

focus waves and currents on adjacent stretches of the coast

Front 60

breakwater

Back 60

built out in water to bear the brunt of the wave and current, parallel to the coast to protect the beach

Front 61

Galveston Texas after Hurricane Ike

Back 61

had 10-13 ft waves

Front 62

Where does most of earths water reside

Back 62

oceans - 96.5% of water

Front 63

Where does freshwater occur and at what percent?

Back 63

Ice caps/glaciers - 68.7%

Groundwater - 30.1%

Surface water - .3%

Front 64

Surface water, where and what percent?

Back 64

Lakes - 87%

Swamps - 11 %

Rivers - 2%

Front 65

Hydrological cycle

Back 65

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, transpiration, surface runoff

Front 66

Evaporation

Back 66

water heated by sun rises to atmosphere

Front 67

Condensation

Back 67

water vapor cools, forming clouds

Front 68

precipitation

Back 68

falls down to earth as rain, snow, or hail

Front 69

sublimation

Back 69

water molecules go from solid to vapor, common in polar regions

Front 70

Infiltration

Back 70

precipitation seeps into the ground

Front 71

Ground water flow

Back 71

water infiltrates and flows in the subsurface

Front 72

transpiration

Back 72

water taken in by plants emit water vapor into the atmosphere

Front 73

surface runoff

Back 73

carried to ocean by river, streams, lakes

Front 74

oceans gains and losses

Back 74

loses more water to evaporation than it gains from precipitation

Front 75

saturated zone

Back 75

area below water table where water flows

Front 76

porosity

Back 76

proportion of open space in a rock

Front 77

high porosity

Back 77

well rounded, well sorted

Front 78

low porosity

Back 78

angular, poorly sorted,

Front 79

clay sediments

Back 79

abundant space

Front 80

permeability

Back 80

ability to transmit fluid

Front 81

high permeability

Back 81

loosely cemented material, well connected fractures

Front 82

low permeability

Back 82

clay compacts parallel to one another

Front 83

How do water towers and tanks mimic a natural artesian condition

Back 83

water is at higher elevation and it is pumped out under pressure

Front 84

factors that control rate of groundwater flow

Back 84

gravity, size of slope, permeability

Front 85

Fastest groundwater flow

Back 85

steep slope and high permeability

Front 86

unconfined

Back 86

not restricted by impermeable rocks

Front 87

confined

Back 87

seperate from Earths surface, under impermeable rock

Front 88

artesian aquifer

Back 88

confined under pressure pushes water up

Front 89

recharge

Back 89

replenishment of water to the system

Front 90

When water table intersects the surface

Back 90

water flows onto the land, adds water to lakes and rivers

Front 91

Requirements for a spring

Back 91

unconformity, and faults

Front 92

unconformity

Back 92

sedimentary unit above is permeable, ex. limestone

Front 93

faults

Back 93

permeable through fractures

Front 94

how are lakes and wetlands related to groundwater

Back 94

both replenish supply of water

Front 95

gaining stream

Back 95

recieves water from inflow of groundwater, lower elevation than water table

Front 96

losing stream

Back 96

lose water from outflow of groundwater

Front 97

how can stream disappear?

Back 97

if it crosses from less permeable to more permeable material

Front 98

caves

Back 98

form in carbonate rocks because other don't dissolve as easy

Front 99

acid rain

Back 99

dissolves rock, like limestone

Front 100

most caves

Back 100

below water table, if water table table falls exposes caves to air and roof can collapse

Front 101

sinkhole

Back 101

collapse of roof of cave at the surface

Front 102

karst topography

Back 102

sinkholes, caves, limestone pillars, poorly organized drainage pattern, disappearing streams

Front 103

travertine

Back 103

when limestone dissolves the dissolved material is reprecipitated when groundwater flows onto the surface

Front 104

stalactites

Back 104

water dripping from roof evaporates and leaves behind calcium carbonate

Front 105

Stalagmites

Back 105

water drips to floor, building mounds upward of calcium carbonate

Front 106

flowstone

Back 106

water flowing down the walls precipitates as calcium carbonate

Front 107

feature that indicate a cave at depth

Back 107

sinkholes, skylight, limestone, karst topography

Front 108

evidence that glaciers once covered the landscape

Back 108

cirques, tarns, anetes, u shaped valley, eskers, moraine, large rocks, and polished surface

Front 109

glacial erratic

Back 109

glacier transports large rock than melts leaving the rock behind

Front 110

increase in glaciation

Back 110

ocean has heavier isotopes

Front 111

decrease in glaciation

Back 111

ocean has lighter isotopes

Front 112

What parts of the Northern hemisphere were covered by the ice age

Back 112

Canada to northern parts of America, covered northern Asia, Europe, and Alps of southern Europe

Front 113

Evidence of past glaciation in the United States

Back 113

smoothed landscape south of the great lakes, recessional moraines, pollen evidence

Front 114

difference between ice age and glacial-interglacial stages

Back 114

glacial-interglacial are periods of time, ice age is series of glacial stages

Front 115

what type are we currently in?

Back 115

interglacial period

Front 116

How does earth's rotation and orbit influence global climate

Back 116

tilt, precession, and eccentricity

Front 117

Maximum tilt

Back 117

24.5 degrees increases effect of the seasons

Front 118

present day tilt

Back 118

23.5 degrees

Front 119

minimum tilt

Back 119

22.5 degrees, high latitudes don't recieve sunlight

Front 120

precession

Back 120

wobble of rotation changes from north star to vega, lasts 23,000 years

Front 121

eccentricity

Back 121

shape of orbit sometimes more circular or eliptical

Front 122

How is global climate affected by atmospheric gases

Back 122

Increase in Co2 and methane warm the planet

Front 123

How does ash and dust affect global climate

Back 123

allows less sunlight to the surface

Front 124

how does more snow affect global climate

Back 124

white snow reflects sun rays back

Front 125

upwelling currents

Back 125

bring deep cold water to surface, cools land, and perhaps allow glaciation

Front 126

cold currents

Back 126

can cause glaciation, leads to less snowfall

Front 127

warm currents

Back 127

warms adjacent parts of continent, can increase precipitation

Front 128

continental position

Back 128

land deflects or blocks connection between different oceans

Front 129

global warming

Back 129

increasing global atmospheric and ocean temperatures

Front 130

what is global warming measured by?

Back 130

past climatic condition called proxy evidence

Front 131

Thermometer record

Back 131

temperature for last 140 years

Front 132

Tree ring proxy

Back 132

climate record going back more than 1,200 years

Front 133

ice core proxy

Back 133

yearly layers of winter precipitation, drill and analyze blocks

Front 134

NAS conclusion on global warming

Back 134

some global warming has occured, .6 degrees celcius in last 100 years

Front 135

greenhouse effect

Back 135

sunlight trapped by interactions with the earth

Front 136

variations in solar radiance

Back 136

higher solar activity changes temperature

Front 137

infrared radiation

Back 137

emitted after gases absorb it from Earth

Front 138

cone of depression

Back 138

caused by overpumping

Front 139

how can cone of depression spread pollution

Back 139

all groundwater in area flows towards larger well another well could be contaminated

Front 140

subsidence

Back 140

water table drops and thickness of unsaturated zone increases, increases compaction of sediment causing land to subside

Front 141

Fissures

Back 141

granite cannot compact so it develops open fissures

Front 142

saltwater incursion

Back 142

overpumping can draw saltwater into wells near the coast

Front 143

ways that surface water can be contaminated

Back 143

weathering of rocks, petroleum, landfills, human waste, farms, gas stations, manufacturing, and houses

Front 144

weathering rocks

Back 144

release chemical elements into the water

Front 145

plume of contamination

Back 145

moves parallel to groundwater flow and spreads out from source

Front 146

How to investigate contamination of groundwater

Back 146

chemical analysis, pump wells to see how other wells react

Front 147

contour elevations

Back 147

to see which way water is flowing

Front 148

remediation

Back 148

drilling wells in front of contamination and pumping it out and cleaning it

Front 149

Morgantown water supply

Back 149

Mon river

Front 150

where does organic material in petroleum come from?

Back 150

microorganisms, plants, reefs

Front 151

source rock

Back 151

rock with enough organic material to make petroleum

Front 152

how does oil and gas move to surface

Back 152

flow through pores, oil and gas are buoyant so they rise

Front 153

Oil getting stuck under surface

Back 153

trapped by impermeable rock

Front 154

oil sands

Back 154

oil rises to sandy area

Front 155

oil seep

Back 155

oil flow to the surface

Front 156

reservoir rock

Back 156

rock where hydrocarbons accumulate

Front 157

condition where many oil and gas fields are?

Back 157

anticlines

Front 158

impermeable seal

Back 158

if reservoir rock is capped by a seal it accumulates at the crest

Front 159

salt dome

Back 159

salt rises to escape pressure pushing upwards, arching of rocks trap petroleum

Front 160

Fault

Back 160

pushes it against impermeable rock

Front 161

thrust

Back 161

causes folding as rock layers move creating an anticline and trapping it

Front 162

facies

Back 162

petroleum trapped when decrease in thickness or change in character of rock

Front 163

Appalachian Basin

Back 163

New York to Tennessee

Front 164

Williston Basin

Back 164

Montana, north and south dakota

Front 165

Marcellus Shale in WV

Back 165

present below surface not everywhere, not extreme eastern or western WV

Front 166

how to get marcellus shale

Back 166

horizontal drilling, pumping sand and water down to create fractures, let gas come up

Front 167

fracking fluid

Back 167

99% water and sand other harmful chemicals

Front 168

Myths about hydraulic fracturing

Back 168

pose no risk to water supply, no evidence of fracking fluid reaching water, all hydraulic fluid is recovered

Front 169

ice sheets

Back 169

continuous masses of ice, largest accumulation

Front 170

piedmont glacier

Back 170

ice flows out of mountains into broader area

Front 171

valley glacier

Back 171

flow down valleys

Front 172

Places that have ice sheets and glaciers

Back 172

greenland, antartica, alaska, rocky mountains, himalayas, and other high regions

Front 173

How is snow turned to ice

Back 173

pressure of snow piling on top of itself recrystallizes into small interlocking crystals

Front 174

Equilibrium line

Back 174

losses of ice and snow balance snowfall

Front 175

below equilibrium

Back 175

blue ice exposed and melts farther away

Front 176

above equilibrium

Back 176

snow keeps getting piled on top

Front 177

Why glaciers move

Back 177

move because ice isn't strong enough to support its own weight against gravity

Front 178

bedrock and glaciers

Back 178

glacier can lock to irregular bedrock

Front 179

moving parts of glacier when encountering a sea or lake

Back 179

upper part of glacier flows faster than the lower part

Front 180

calving

Back 180

ice on edge of glacier collapses into water

Front 181

iceberg

Back 181

broken off pieces of ice in ocean, 90% below water

Front 182

ice shelf

Back 182

large ice sheet floating on seawater

Front 183

Melting glaciers cause

Back 183

u shaped valleys, poorly sorted sediment

Front 184

glacial strations

Back 184

ice sheet flows across surface smoothing and polishing rocks

Front 185

cirque

Back 185

bowl shaped depression caused by ice attaching to bedrock

Front 186

tarn

Back 186

lake inside of cirque

Front 187

arete

Back 187

jagged ridge caused by glacial erosion and weathering

Front 188

hanging valley

Back 188

glaciers melt leaving side valleys higher than main valley

Front 189

moraine

Back 189

sediment carried by and deposited by a glacier

Front 190

lateral moraine

Back 190

form on sides, when glacier melts form low ridges

Front 191

medial moraine

Back 191

sediment rich belt in the center of glacier when two glaciers join

Front 192

terminal moraine

Back 192

form at termination of glacier, marks it furthest movement

Front 193

till

Back 193

as glacier melts it deposits sediments in sheets, piles, and ridges

Front 194

shape of till

Back 194

resembles teardrops pointed in the direction the ice flowed

Front 195

drumlin

Back 195

hill of till

Front 196

meltwater

Back 196

carves tunnels through and along base of glacier

Front 197

eskers

Back 197

long sinuous ridges of sediment deposited by meltwater

Front 198

kettle

Back 198

leaves behind blocks of ice which melt and cause a depression

Front 199

glacial outwash

Back 199

produce large rives that carry sediment away

Front 200

recessional moraines

Back 200

forms hill when receding that is parallel to glacier

Front 201

Ice age lakes

Back 201

Lake Missoula, Lahontan, and Bonneville

Front 202

Lake Missoula

Back 202

filled low, interconnected basins in the Rocky Mountains, shoreline etched horizontal lines into hills surrounding lake

Front 203

Lake Lahontan

Back 203

filled low basins of western Nevada

Front 204

Lake Bonneville

Back 204

dried up leaving a salt flat

Front 205

Origin of glacial lake Monongahela

Back 205

Laurentide ice sheet

Front 206

3 modern rivers in drainage system of Pittsburgh

Back 206

allegheny, ohio, and monongahela