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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Outline the evidence from Figure 21 that suggests erosion is taking place on this coast (3) |
•Thecaravan is very near to the cliff edge and there are a number of emptypitches marking areas where other caravans once stood but have hadto be moved back from the coast. •The cliffs appear unstable – there is grass partway down in the centre and vegetation overhanging at the top •The toeof the cliff shows evidence of material having fallen and the verticalsection near the top. •On the beach itself,there are the remains of earlier coastal defences where the originalposts remain, but much of the middle sections have been removed. •Groynes are present showing an attempt to prevent longshore drift |
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Explain the formation of a wave-cut platform (4) |
•Waves hit the base of the cliffs between the high and low tide levels (hydraulic action and abrasion). •This leads to erosion of the base of the cliffs as they are pounded bywaves and rocks and pebbles are hurled at the cliffs. •These processeslead to undercutting. •As erosion continues, an overhang develops andincreases in size. •At some point this will not be able to support itselfand it will collapse. •The process will occur again and over time a wavecutplatform will be formed – and get bigger as the cliffs retreat |
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State which you think is the best option and with the help of Figure 22, justify your choice (6) |
• Sea Wall •The sea wall will last at least 3 times longer than the other twostrategies. •This will make the extra money spent worthwhile as it willrequire less maintenance. •People will feel more secure and businesseswill continue to invest in seaside resorts knowing that they have somany years protection. •The top of the sea wall usually has apromenade built on top of it – further encouraging tourists as they canwalk along the sea front. •The sea wall does not interfere with coastalprocesses like groynes do. They do not stop the movement of materialalong the beach and starve other areas of sand. •The rock armour ismore obvious than the sea wall as huge boulders of rock types differentto that locally are placed at the foot of cliffs and these are unsightly –detracting from the appearance of the area. |
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Grid squares 2223 and 2323 are outlined on the map. Describe the coastal environment shown in these grid squares (2) |
•This is an area of large mud deposits. •It is marshy/ saltmarsh in placessuch as in the west. •There are many small islands and inlets/creeksand some small streams flow across the mud. •It is flat, below 10 metres andis tidal. |
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Use a case study of a coastal habitat to describe how it has been conserved anddiscuss how this has led to conflict with other land uses (8) |
•Keyhaven marshes •has been given two official designations to protectthe habitat. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and part of itis a National Nature Reserve. •This shows the importance of the areaand the need to take care of the unique species like cordgrass on thelower marshes and sea lavender further from the sea. •Designatedpaths are provided for people and car parks and they must stick tothese or they will damage the fragile environment by running vehiclesover vegetation or trampling by walking. •The pollution from vehicles willnot make the environment better in areas where there are unique birdslike oyster catchers and ringed plovers. •Such measures irritate sometourists who feel that they should have the right to roam in thecountryside and be able to explore more. •People mooring boats increeks can have a similar attitude as they feel that doing it can’t do anyharm. |
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Briefly describe how weathering can affect the coast (2) |
•Weathering can weaken the coast making it easier to erode. •Changing temperatures around 0 degrees will lead to freeze thawweathering and pieces of rock will be ready to break off if hit bythe waves. •Some rocks such as chalk and limestone allow water to enter them and so they are susceptible to freeze thaw weathering and they are also soluble in rainwater •Changes in temperature with a lot of heat during theday and less at night will lead to similar effects. Some rocks suchas chalk and limestone allow water to enter them and so they aresusceptible to freeze thaw weathering and they are also soluble inrainwater |
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Describe the landforms found in Zone A in Figure 16 (3) |
•There are two headlands present in Zone A, with cliffs clearlymarking where they meet the sea. •There is a partly visible inletbetween the headlands – a bay is present here. •A stack is visibleoff the headland and two stumps. |
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Describe this beach (2) |
•It is a large/wide beach • occupies a bay - beingnarrower on the landward side to the left of the photograph. •Itconsists of sand and is flat/very gently sloping. •Rocks protrudefrom it in a few places. |
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Explain the formation of a beach (4) |
•Deposition is the main process responsible for the formation of abeach. For this to occur, waves must have limited energy and sobeaches often form in sheltered areas such as bays where waveenergy is less than on exposed headlands. •Here, waves are likelyto be constructive where the swash is dominant and thebackwash weaker •so that material is left on the beach rather thanbeing taken away by the waves. • This is known as longshore drift. |
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What is cliff collapse? (2) |
•Cliff collapse occurs when steeply sloping or vertical parts of thecoast fall onto beaches below. •Unstable the cliffs may slump orslide as they give way. |
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Explain why cliffs collapse (4) |
•The base of the cliff may have no protection. •People may havebuilt groynes along the coast and stopped longshore drift •so thesand is removed and the bottom of the cliff is open to the waves. •The sheer force of the waves pounding between high and low tideover time undermine the cliff and cause it to give way •as thebottom is undercut • (and) the weight above cannot be supported. |
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With the help of Figure 17, discuss the costs and benefits of using hard engineering toreduce the risk of cliff collapse (8) |
• The rock armour placed at the foot of the cliff is expensive – up to£4000 per metre, but this is nowhere near as expensive as a seawall which can cost £6 million for just a km. •This is a hugeamount of money for something which will protect the coasteffectively, but which will also need maintenance to make surethat it is in a fit state to protect the area behind it. Thesemeasures give people peace of mind, knowing that their homeswill not be threatened. •Groynes try to keep sand in place andstop longshore drift. •This is a benefit for people living where thegroynes are found as if it is a seaside resort, it means tourists willkeep coming and people’s incomes will be safe. •However, it is adifferent story for people along the coast as the starving of thesand to these sites may increase erosion and cause houses andbusinesses to be lost. •Benefits shouldalso be noted:- -the success rate in achieving protection -thepresence of promenade on the sea wall in -tourist resorts -theattraction of tourists by keeping the beach in place -security in the knowledge that people’s homes are safe and plans can be madein the long term |
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Label three coastal landforms using Figure 17 (3) |
•headland •cliff •cave •arch •wave-cut notch. |
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Explain the formation of a sea stack (4) |
•Waves erode a crack in a headland. •This leads to a cave forming due tohydraulic power and abrasion. •Over time, the cave gets bigger and finallybreaks through the headland to form an arch. •Weathering of the roof anderosion at the base widen the arch. •A point comes when the roof cannot besupported and this collapses. •This results in the formation of a sea stack – anisolated pillar of rock |
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Describe the possible economic and environmental effects of rising sea level (6) |
•There are many economic and environmental effects. •Economically, settlementswill be threatened, even London where 1.25 million people work in flood riskarea. •The cost of protection will be high with the Thames Barrier needing to bereplaced. •Environmentally, many coastal areas will be threatened – with saltmarshes and mudflats that provide habitats for different plants and animals andbirds under threat. •Rates of coastal erosion will increase and further threatenvulnerable settlements, such as Happisburgh. |
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How is the shape of coastal zone X different from the shape of coastal zone Y? (2) |
Area X has a more indented coast with headlands and bays, whereas Area Y ismuch straighter / smoother with sand spits visible. |
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Hard and soft engineering strategies are used to manage the coast. Choose either hard engineering or soft engineering and explain why it is the betterstrategy (8) |
•Beach nourishment adds sand from offshore to the beach material that isalready present. •The beach is a natural protector and this keeps the beach inplace and adds to the appearance. •It will also ensure tourists keep coming. •This is a lot cheaper than hard engineering strategies like building sea walls – a2.1km sea wall at Scarborough cost £50million in 2005, in contrast to £3000 permetre for beach nourishment. •Marsh creation is another way of protecting thecoast with little impact. By allowing a limited amount of low value areas to flood,many other areas are protected without interfering with the movement of materialin an area. •This is a more sensible approach than trying to keep the sea out withsea walls that need replacing and are costly and can be unsightly. |
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Contrast the process of freeze thaw weathering with chemical weathering (3) |
•Freeze thaw weathering involves temperature change around freezingpoint so that water in a crack in the rock will freeze and expand,subsequent thawing will lead to pressure exerted on side of crack beingtaken away. Eventually bits of rock will break off. No change is involved inthe rock itself, it just gets smaller. •This is unlike chemical weatheringwhere under especially warm and wet conditions the composition of therock changes completely e.g. limestone. |
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Mass movement is common in the area shown in Figure 21. What roledoes mass movement have on coasts such as that shown in Figure 21? (2) |
•Shifting of loose material down a slope as one may be seen as a means ofrapidly transforming the coast / cliffs •via sliding / slumping. •Thecoast will retreat. •There will be a new supply of material on the beach •which can then be transported via longshore drift |
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Describe the effects of continued coastal erosion on the settlement andresidents of Mappleton (4) |
•Buildings are near the edge of the cliffs, so it is likely that some of thesewould go into the sea. Those further away, such as the windmill and thechurch would survive longer. •The road, B1242 is very close to the northedge of Mappleton and this would be threatened, reducing the accessibilityto Mappleton. •People would lose their homes and the threat of this wouldbe daunting. •Businesses near the coast would also go and people wouldlose their livelihood. •People would be forced to move and leave family,friends behind. •People may decide to protest and try to get coastalprotection. |
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Suggest how the coastline at Mappleton might be managed to reduce therate of erosion (2) |
• A groyne is built at right angles to the coast •It will hold back the sandas it moves down the coast. •Beach will get bigger /protect cliffs. • Sea walls •will deflect wave energy |
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For a coastal environment that you have studied, describe the ways in which it ismanaged to ensure it is conserved, but used sustainably (8) |
• Formby Point is an area of sand dunes on the Lancashire coast north of Liverpool. •It is a designated National Trust Reserve for the endangeredRed Squirrel. •‘Duck Boards’ •are used to allow access and use of the sanddunes whilst protecting the sand beneath. •The dunes are stabilised using aplanned programme of Marram grass planting. •An Education centre on siteprovides education and information relating to caring for this environmentand the accompanying wildlife habitats. •Motor vehicle access is restricted •a specially designated car parking site is next to the visitor centre and issurrounded by information boards encouraging visitors to look after thisimportant ecosystem and listing restriction •such as ‘no fires’. |
