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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development in the early embryo |
Small indifferent gonads Primitive structures that become gonads and genital tract are identical Paired mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts fuse caudally with urogenital sinus |
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Gonadal differentiation is determined by |
presence of the SRY gene of the Y chromosome which encodes testicular determining factors - females dont have this |
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What happens with a lack of SRY gene |
ovarian differentiation |
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What determines phenotypic sex |
the sex of the embryonic gonad |
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What do testes induce |
Development of the mesonephric duct Inhibition of the paramesonephric duct by muellerian inhibitory substance |
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What does absence of tested allow |
Paramesonephric duct allowed to develop under influence of oestrogen |
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What is intersex |
Developmental abnormality resulting in the discordance between the genetic sex, gonadal sex and or phenotypic sex |
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What is a true hermaphrodite |
Individual possessing gonadal tissue of both sexes due to failure of differentiation of gonads during foetal life - presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue
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What is a pseudohermaphrodite |
Chromosomes and gonsads of one sex Ducts and external genetalia of another sex |
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What is a male pseudohermaphrodite |
Testis like gonads and predominantly female genetalia |
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What is a female pseudohermaphrodite |
Ovary like gonads and male like genetalia |
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What influences gross genetalia appearence |
Amounts of ovarian and testicular tissue present |
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What is XX sex reversal |
XX chomosomes but a mutation that allows one gene on the X chromosome to act like a y chromosome |
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What is intersex linked to in goats |
Polledness homozygous goats |
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What is a freemartin |
A masculinised female born co twin with a normal male Most female calves born co twin to a male with be freemartins |
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What causes fremartinism |
Placental anastomoses causes embryonic blood to be shared by the twins in 90% of bovine twins Testis develop earlier and MIS and testosterone enters female circulation Paramesonephric ducts do not form or atrophy Mesonephric persistance |
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What is chimeism |
When a twin aquires genetically distinct population of blood cells from the other twin |
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What are the morphological features of chimeras |
External genetalia relatively normal and condition detected at puberty Enlarged clitoris, long tufts of hair around vulva and a skin fold from groin to umbilicus that acts like preputial sheath Uterus is underdeveloped Hypoplastic or blind ended vagina Overies usually small and cord like |
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What is XY sex reversal |
XY karyotypp but variably female phenotype of external genetalia Wide range of expression - vast differences Thought to be due to Y mutation |
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What is testicular feminisation |
Inherited genetic trait with XY phenotype and female genetalia Testosterone producing testes but deficient androgen receptors Blind ending vagina and absence of internal tract May exhibit male behavour |
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What is ovarian agenesis |
No development of one or both ovaries Rare and often seen in pigs and ruminants |
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Ovarian duplication |
Very rare due to splitting of gonadal tissue |
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What is ovarian remnant syndrom |
Post OH Or Anomalous duplication |
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What is ovarian hypoplasia |
Bilateral and infantile reproductive tract Autosomal recessive gene |
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What is vascular hamartoma |
Incidental dark red mass on the ovary Connective tissue and vascular channels |
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Parovarian cysts |
Arise from mesonephric or paramesonephric ducts and can be large seen in mare, dog or cat |
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Segmental aplasia of uterine horns |
Variability in degree and site Absence of one horn - uterus unicornis Portions proximal may be cystic or filled with necrotic debris or secretions |
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Causes of abherrant fusion of the distal tract |
Caused by failure of the caudal paramesonephric ducts to fuse Complete failure of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts results in duplication of vagina and cervix and non fusion of the body of the uterus Failure of the fustion of vervic and uterine body (uterus didelphysis) Doubple cerivx with a dorsoventral septum dividing anterior vagina - unable to acheaive normal coitus |
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Failure of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts with urethral sinus |
Imperforate hymen Secretions may accumulate and distend uterus |
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Cysts |
Follicular Leutenised follicles Germinal inclusion custs Cystic rete Cystic subsurace epithelial structures of the bitch |
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What is a follicular cyst |
Failure to ovulate due to failure of LH release Secretion of oestrogen and can alter cyclic activity |
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What changes would you see with follicular cysts |
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia Mammary hyperplasia |
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What spp would you see follicular cysts |
Cattle and pigs |
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What is a luteinised follicle |
Failed ovulation due to inadequate or delayed LH release Cyst is partially leuteinised so no oestrogen |
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Cystic corporal lutea |
Disorted outline due to ovulation papilla as ovulation occurs |
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What is intrafollicular haemorrhage |
Occurs at ovulation with no significance |
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What is pathological haemorrhage |
Occurs after enucliation of CL |
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Oophoritis |
Inflamation of the ovaries Ascendng infection usually Ratre
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Pathology associated with oophoritis |
Fibrin tags, granulation tissue Fibrous adhesions Tubovarian cyst formation |
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Neoplasia of ovary |
Granulosa theca cell tumour Teratoma Cystadenoma/adenocarcinoma |
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Cystadenocarcinoma |
Bilateral Elderly bitches Endometrial hyperplasia Pale, nodular, cauliflower like If malignant can be afressive May cause ascites |
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Cystadenoma |
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Granulosa theca cell tumour |
common in mares |
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Granulosa theca cell tumour pathology |
May be cystic or have haemorrhage Usually ulnilateral and benign in the mare Malignancy in the dog
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Sequalae to granulosa theca cell tumour |
Behaviour changes Persistant oestrus nymphomania Masculinisation |
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Hydrosalpinx |
Obstruction of uterine tube Congenital aquired Distended with mucoid secretions |
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Salpingitis |
May affect the fertility and is often only detectable microscopically Secondary to ascending infection in the usterus |
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Uterine torsion sequalae |
Congestion Oedema Foetal death |
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Uterine prolapse |
Secondary to hypocalcaemia or prolonged dystocia Occurs postpartum |
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Causes of uterine rupture |
Iatrogenic Untreated dystocia Torsion Prolapse |
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Endometrial growth changes |
Atrophy Hyperplasia Polyps |
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Causes of endometrial atrophy |
Ovarian function loss Senility Ovariectomy Anoestrus |
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Endometrial polyp |
Bitch and queen with focal enlargement of uterine horn Pedunculated mass of stroma and dilated glands |
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Histo endometrial polyp |
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Endometritis |
Inflammation of the endometrium
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Metritis |
Inflammation of the whole uterine wall |
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Placentitis |
Inflammation of the foetal attachemnt point of uterine wall |
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Endometriosis - non primate |
Chronic endometritis |
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Endometriosis - primate |
Endometrial tissue explanted to aberrant sites |
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Routes of infection of the uterus |
Cervix at mating or parturition Haematogenous |
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Defence mechanisms against uterine infection |
Closed cervix except oestrus and post partum Mucous secretions Leukocytosis of oestrus Oestrogen levels at oestrus render it unsuitable for growth of certain organisms |
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How can mating cause endometritis |
Non specific endometritis Infection usually cleared by neutrophils Infection carried by infected semen AI or natural
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What pathogen causes contageous equine metritis |
Taylorella equigenitalis |
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What causes post partum endometritis |
Can occur post partum even if no problems occured Increased risk if retained placenta, dystocia, failure of involution |
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Aetiological agents of post partum endometritis in cattle |
T. Pyogenes Fusobacterium necrophorum Staphylococcus spp |
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Aetiological agents of post partum endometritis insheep |
clostridia |
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Aetiological agents of post partum endometritis in bitch/queen |
E.coli, staph and strep |
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Aetiological agents of post partum endometritis in mare |
Strep, zooepidemicus, E.coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella |
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Macroscopic appearence of endometritis |
Dark red/yellow, foul smelling, placental debris, ulcerated, congested haemorrhagic mucosa |
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Sequalae to endometritis |
Septicaemia Embolic spread Ascending infection Descending infection Chronic endometritis Pyometra |
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Ascending infection sequel to endometritis |
Salpingitis |
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Descending infection sequel to endometritis |
Pyelonephritis Cystitis |
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What is pyometra |
Suppurative infection of the uterus with pus accumulating in the lumen |
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What is pyometra associated with in cattle |
Persistant CL - closed cervix |
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Why can pyometra occur |
Persistant CL in cattle Scar tissue over cervix (prolonged endometritis or dustocia) Retention of foetal membranes in cats |
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What is pyometra usually associated with in the dog and cat
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Cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium
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Infective causes of vulvovaginitis in cattle
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Infectious vulvovaginitis - bovine herpes 1
Increased lymphoid nodules |
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Pathophysiology of endometrial hyperplasia progression to pyometra
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Not bred, post luteal phase in a few weeks after being in heat
Elevated progesterone with oestrogen priming leads to cystic endometrial hyperplasia Mucous secretion and secondary bacterial infection Cervix may be closed or open |
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Gross pathology seen with pyometra
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Distended uterus with congested serosal surfaces
Red brown to purulent uterine discharge |
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Microscopic appearance of pyometra
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Marked endometrial hyperplasia with inflammatory cells, congested blood vessels
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Clinical signs and extra genial lesions of pyometra
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Toxaemia/septicaemia
Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis (immune complex) PU (due to impaired tubular function) Leukocytosis Myeloid hyperplasia Extramedullary leukocyte production |
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Common neoplasm in cos
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Uterine carcinoma incidental at PM
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Common neoplasm in the *****
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Smooth muscle tumour - leiomyoma
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Subinvolution of placental sites
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Common in ***** postpartum
Failure of placenta to involuted Bloody discharge and necrotic tissue Cause unknown or |
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Hydrometria or mucometria
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Fluid or mucous accumulation in the uterus due to endometrial hyperplasia or obstruction
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Trauma to vagina and vulva causes
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Ewe late pregnancy
Oestrogenic pasture Boxer at oestrus Rupture at parturition |
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Infectious Cause of vulvovaginitis in horses
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Taylorella equigenitalis
Crypts around the clitoris |
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Placentome
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Cotyledon and caruncle
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Normal structures found during pregnanct
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Corpora lutea in ovaries
Endometrial cups in mare (Gnh) Amniotic plaques Placental mineralisation Calcified yolk sac Hippomanes in mares Placental cervical star in mares |
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Normal features in pregnancy Seen in mares
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Endometrial cups
Cervical star Hippomanes |
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Stillbirth
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Dead foetus passed after potentially viable
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Abortion
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Birth of dead foetus before viable
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Mummification
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Resorption of fluids
No bacterial infection Foetus retained as black leathery mass 6-8 mth |
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Causes of mummification in sows
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Smedi
Parvovirus |
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Cause of mummification in cows
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Bvd
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Cause of mummification in mares
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Twining
Premature placental separation Umbilical torsion |
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Neoplasia of the vulva
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Squamous cell carcinoma - sun
Tvt - not uk |
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Macroscopic appearance of tvt
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Nodular friable ulcerated lesion
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Microscopic appearance of tvt
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Sheets of round cells
Spontaneous regression |
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Where is incidence of tvt higher |
Running dog population |
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Type of placenta of mare and pig
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Diffuse
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Placenta of the dog and cat
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Zonary placenta
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Type of placenta of the ruminants
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Cotlyedonary |
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Cotyledons
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Area of attachment of the foetal placenta
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Caruncle
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Maternal endometrial attachment site |
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Normal structures found during pregnancy |
Corpora lutea in overies Amniotic plaques Placental minterlisation Calcified yolk sac remnants |
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What are the normal features found in preganant mares |
Endometrial cups that produce gonadotrophic hormones Cervical stars Hippomanes-borwn liver like |
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Responses to disease |
Mummification Death and reabsorbtion Abortion Stillbirth Maceration and emphysema Foetal malformation Retained membranes |
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What is emphysema caused by |
Dead foetal tissue invaded by putrefactive bacteria |
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What is mummification |
No bacterial infection Foetus retained as a black leathery mass Takes 6-8 mths |
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Cause of mummification |
SMEDI - sows BVD - cows Twinning, premature separation and umbilical torsion in mares |
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Non infectious conditions of the pregnant uterus |
Rupture Ventral hernicaiton Adventitial placentation Hydroamnios Hydroallantois Prolonged gestation |
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Why does uterine rupture occur |
Parturition as a result of untreated or mishandled dystocia |
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Ventral herniation of uterus |
Muscle weakness, old age, trauyma, heavily pregnant Preputial tendon rupture in older mares |
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Adventitial placentation |
Formation of additional sites of placentation Weakness indicator Gongenital or loss of caruncles Occurs in cattle May abort mid term if marked |
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What is hydroamnios |
Associated with foetal abnormalities Accumulation of fluid in the amniotic sac |
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Hydroallantois |
Adventitial placentation or twin pregnancy Accumulation of fliid in the allantoic sac |
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Prolonged gestation occurs why |
Foetal malfomation Anencephaly or pituitary absence HPA disturbances in the foetus - no steroid release and no indication of parturition |
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Ascending infections of uterus |
Via vagina and cervix Bacteria and fungi
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What causes ascending uterine infection in cattle |
Campylobacter fetus |
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Causes of abortion |
Endotoxins Pyrexia Immediate placenttitis Delayed placentitis Direct foetal damaga |
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Causes of endotoxaemia abortion |
Leptospira irnterrogans Salmonella Do not cause lesions |
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Causes of immediate placentitis |
Campylobacter fetus Listeria in sheep Lesions 2w post infection |
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Causes of delayed placentitis |
Brucella abortus Chlamydophila abortus |
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Causes of direct foetal damage |
BVD Parvovirus IBR |
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Nonspecific pathology of the foetus |
Autolysis |
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Viral examples of diseases |
IBR BVDV Border disease Porcine parvo/ SMEDI PRRS |
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Bacterial examples of abortion diseases |
Brucella abortus Listeria C. Fetus, C. Jejuni Coxiella burnetti (rickettsia) Chlamydophila abortus |
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Protozoal abortion |
T. Gondii Neospora Caninum Tritrichomonas Foetus |
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Fungal abortion |
Affect individuals not outbreak Late pregnancy Retained placenta Leathery thickening Plaques on foetus Aspergillous,mucor, Rhizopus, absidia |
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IBR |
Herpesvirus 1 Abortion in late gestation 3-6w poste expusre Autolysis Intranuclear inclusions in liver |
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BVDV |
Prestivurs Fresh, autolysed or mummified Cerebellar hypoplasia |
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BDV |
Hairy shaker lambs Anasarca |
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What is anasarca |
Generalised oedema |
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SMEDI |
Still birth Mummification Embryonic death Infertility |
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PRRS |
Late gestation Respiratory tract ilness in live piglet - interstitial pneumonia |
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Brucella abortus |
Ingested Abortion in last half of pregnancy Fibronecrotic placenta Bronchopneumonia of foetus |
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Listerial |
Cattle and sheep Last third Retained membranes and metritis Purulent exudate cover placenta Focal yellow lesions in liver of foetus |
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Campylobacter |
Abortion storms in ewes Oral transmission Late abortion Prematurity Focal hepatic necrosis in foetus |
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Coxiella burnetti |
Rickettsial infection - inhalation, ingestion/ tick bites Sheep and rarely cattle Late abortion or weak lambs Thickened placenta Exudate Ziel neelsen confirm |
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C. Abortus |
Enzootic abortion Late abortion or premature Retained membranes Ingestion Immunity following exposure Exudate on cotyletons Thickened and oedematous membtranes |
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Toxpplasma Gondii |
Cat oocyst ingection No gross lesions not clinically ill Strawberry cotyledons |
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N caninum |
mummified/autolysed malformation arthrogryposis |
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T foetus |
veneral infection early embryonic death abortion |
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True hermaphrodite - pig - presence of both male and female gonads |
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Male pseudohermaphroditeh |
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Chimera |
2 distinct cell types from 2 different animals - freemartin syndrome (female co-twin) Placental anastomoses-blood between placentae |
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Uterine aplasia - not the distension of the portion above it due to excessive mucous production |
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Mucometria |
due to imperforate hypmen |
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Multiple cystic overies in the sow Nymphomania Failure to cycle |
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Granulosa cell tumour Cystic areas Anoestrus Masculinisation Cystic +/- haemorrhage |
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Teratoma Multiple cell types |
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Carcinoma - ovary |
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Carcinoma - overy |
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Uterine torsion - sheep |
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prolapse |
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Metritis |
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metritis - progress to pyometra in the ox |
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CEH |
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CEH gross
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Pyometra in the bitch |
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Pyometra note neutrophillic content |
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Uterine carcinoma |
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Leiomyoma |
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Multifocal to coelescing vulvovaginitis Ulcerative Equine herpesvirus 3 |
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Taylorella equigenitalis |
contageous equine metritis Resides in the crypts/fossa around the uterus |
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TVT - canine Friable, ulcerated, bhv1 nodular lesions Transmitted by coitus - intact cells
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cow cotyledon |
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sheep coytledon |
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Mare placenta |
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Endometrial cups |
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Macerated fetus - uterine infection clostridia |
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Mummifying fetus - no bacteria present BVD |
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Uterus of a cow with hydroallantois Seen here at PM Assoicated with pathology |
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Strawberry cotyledons toxoplasmosis |
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Fungal placentitis - aborted foetus with plaques |
