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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Explain how the DNA code is able to regulate the biochemistry of the cell.
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Each gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule, containing a genetic code that the cell transcribes to a messenger RNA molecule. Each messenger RNA molecule moves to a ribosome where the code is translated into a specific protein molecule. Many of the protein molecules are enzymes that permit specific biochemical reactions to occur.
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define chromosome and gene.
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The term chromosome is used for the DNA and the term gene is used for each distinct code within a DNA molecule.
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What is meant by independent assortment?
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As the sperm and egg are formed, chromosome pairs separate; the original maternal and paternal chromosomes get mixed up and redistribute themselves independently of the other chromosome pairs. Accordingly, each sperm and egg is likely to have a different set of 23 chromosomes. This process is called independent assortment. Independent assortment of chromosomes ensures that each offspring will very likely be genetically different.
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Define or explain the terms dominant, recessive, and codominant.
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Dominant refers to a gene that is able to express itself and mask the presence of a recessive trait. Recessive refers to a gene that is only able to express itself in the absence of a dominant gene. Codominance refers to genes that will express themselves differently in the presence of other codominant genes.
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What is a sex-linked trait?
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Sex-linked traits refer to nonsexual traits that are carried on the sex-determining chromosomes. Because most of them are carried on the X chromosome, they are also referred to as X-linked traits.
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Define or explain the term nondisjunction
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Nondisjunction occurs when a pair of chromosomes fails to separate. This produces a gamete with two chromosomes from a chromosome pair or no chromosomes from a chromosome pair rather than the usual one.
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Define or explain the term trisomy
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Trisomy occurs when there is a triplet of a chromosome pair in a cell rather than the usual two.
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Define or explain the term monosomy
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Monosomy occurs when there is a single chromosome of a chromosome pair rather than the usual two
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What is a pedigree chart?
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A pedigree chart illustrates the genetic relationship in a family over several generations
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What is a Punnett square?
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A Punnett square is a grid used to determine the probability of inheriting a genetic trait.
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What is a karyotype?
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A karyotype is a photograph of chromosomes that are cut out and pasted on a chart in pairs according to size.
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What are two methods used to harvest cells for a karyotype?
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Cells can be harvested for a karyotype by scraping the inside of the cheek, or by taking a sample of blood containing white blood cells
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Explain gene augmentation
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In gene augmentation therapy, normal genes are introduced into the body with the hope that the genes will add to or augment the production of a needed protein.
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Explain gene replacement therapy.
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In gene replacement therapy, the genes that specify production of abnormal, disease-causing proteins are replaced by normal or therapeutic genes
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The scientific study of inheritance
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genetics
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The end product of photosynthesis that helps to regulate the biochemistry of the body
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Enzyme
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Number of chromosomes in most of the cells in the human body
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46
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Number of cells in a gamete (chromosome)
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23
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A gene whose effects mask another recessive gene
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Dominant
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Non sexual traits carried on the sex chromosomes are called
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sex linked
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A change in the genetic code is called
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(genetic) mutation
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A mistake in meiosis when a pair of chromosomes fail to separate is called
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nondisjunction
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Condition where there is triplet of autosomes rather than a normal pair
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Trisomy
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Condition where there is a single autosome rather than a normal pair
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Monosomy
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A chart that illustrates a genetic relationship over several generations
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Pedigree
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A grid to determine the possibility of having a genetic trait
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Punnett square
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A photograph of chromosomes arranged in pairs, amniocentesis can supply the cells for this.
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karyotype
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