General Psychology/chapter 5

Front 1

A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.

Back 1

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Front 2

Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning.

Back 2

biological rhythms

Front 3

The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species.

Back 3

circadian rhythms

Front 4

This is a device that records muscular activity and tension.

Back 4

electromyograph (EMG)

Front 5

This is a device that records eye movements.

Back 5

electrooculograph (EOG)

Front 6

This consists of sleep stages 3 and 4, during which high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.

Back 6

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Front 7

A relatively deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency, low-amplitude brain waves, and vivid dreams.

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REM sleep

Front 8

Sleep consists of stages 1 through 4, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.

Back 8

non-REM sleep (NREM)

Front 9

Consists of the afferent (incoming) nerve fibers running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal.

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ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Front 10

Refers to chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.

Back 10

insomnia

Front 11

A disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.

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narcolepsy

Front 12

This involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

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sleep apnea

Front 13

These are anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.

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nightmares

Front 14

These are abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic.

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night terrors (also called sleep terrors)

Front 15

This occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.

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somnambulism, or sleepwalking

Front 16

This consists of the plot of a dream at a surface level.

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manifest content

Front 17

This refers to the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in the plot of a dream.

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latent content

Front 18

A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility.

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hypnosis

Front 19

A splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness.

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dissociation

Front 20

This refers to a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.

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meditation

Front 21

Drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain.

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narcotics, or opiates

Front 22

Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system (CNS) activation and behavioral activity.

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sedatives

Front 23

Drugs that tend to increase central nervous system (CNS) activation and behavioral activity.

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stimulants

Front 24

A diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.

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hallucinogens

Front 25

The hemp plant which marijuana, hashish, and tetrahydracanobonal (THC) is derived.

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cannabis

Front 26

This encompasses a variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol.

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alcohol

Front 27

A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline.

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3,4 methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA)

Front 28

This refers to a progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug.

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tolerance

Front 29

This exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness.

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physical dependence

Front 30

This exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug.

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psychological dependence

Front 31

In these people can think clearly about the circumstaces of waking life and the fact that they are dreaming, yet they remain asleep in the midst of a vivid dream.

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lucid dreams

Front 32

Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

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psychoactive drugs

Front 33

What types of waves are present during normal waking thought or alert problem solving.

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beta waves (13-24 Hz)

Front 34

What types of waves are present during deep relaxation, a blank mind, or meditation.

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alpha waves (8-12 Hz)

Front 35

What types of waves are present during light sleep.

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theta waves (4-7 Hz)

Front 36

What types of waves are present during deep sleep.

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delta waves (less than 4 Hz)

Front 37

Proposed that dreams provide an opportunity to work through everyday problems and emotional issues in one's life. According to this persons cognitive, problem solving view, considerable continuity exist between waking and sleeping thought. Proponents of this view believe that dreams allow people to engage in creative thinking about pressing personal issues because dreams are not restrained by logic or realism.

Back 37

Rosalind Cartwright

Front 38

A medical student who helped Kleitman and Aserinsky discover, accidentally, that subjects who were awakened during a period of rapid eye movements, predominantly reported vivid dreams. Through the observation of EEG recordings showed that the periods of rapid eye movement were also associated with marked changes in brain wave patterns. Reported that American society chronically suffers from sleep deprivation. Discovered that sleeping subjects incorporate parts of reality into their dreams.

Back 38

William Dement

Front 39

Wanted to examine what went on beneath the surface of this stream of consciousness. This person argued that people's feelings and behavior are influenced by unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts that lie below the surface of conscious awareness. Said that the stream of consciousness has depth and that conscious and unconscious processes are different levels of awareness. One of the first theorists to recognize that consciousness is not an all-or-none phenomenon. By analyzing clients' dreams in therapy, came to believe that the principal purpose of dreams is wish fulfillment. Distinguished between the manifest content and latent content of a dream.

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Sigmund Freud

Front 40

Analyzed the contents of more than 10,000 dreams and concluded that most dreams are relatively mundane. They tend to unfold in familiar settings with a cast of characters dominated by family, friends, and colleagues.

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Calvin Hall (1966)

Front 41

Offered the most influential explanation of hypnosis as an altered state of awareness. Theorized that hypnosis splits consciousness into two streams: one stream is in communication with the hypnotist and the external world, while the other is a difficult-to-detect "hidden observer." Believed that many hypnotic effects are a product of this divided consciousness, and suggested that a hypnotized person might appear unresponsive to pain because the pain isn't registered in the portion of consciousness that communicates with other people.

Back 41

Ernest Hilgard

Front 42

This person, along with colleagues argued that dreams are simply the by-product of burst of activity emanating from subcortical areas in the brain. Their activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are side effects of the neural activation that produces the beta brain waves during REM sleep that are associated with wakefulness. "Dreams are as meaningful as they can be under the adverse working conditions of the brain in REM sleep".

Back 42

J. Allan Hobson

Front 43

Recognized that consciousness fluctuates continuously, and christened this flow the stream of consciousness.

Back 43

William James (1902)