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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Biology?
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The study of life.
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How is something defined as living?
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Organized, Acquire Materials and Energy, Respond to their enviornment, Reproduce, and Adapt.
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Where in Biology do we see uniformity and where do we see diversity?
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Uniformity=Reflects a common ancestor. Diversity=Arisen through evolution.
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Analysis.
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What can and can't the scientific method be used to evaluate?
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Can=Anything that can be determined empirically. Can't=any non-empirical.
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What is a Redox Reaction? Why is it important in biology?
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RR=one compound is oxidized, the other is reduced. It is important because it occurs in every type of bond.
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What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter?
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HONC=Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon.
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What are the properties of water and why is it important that ice floats?
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Water=Polar, Hydrogen Bonding, High Specific Heat, High Heat Vaporization, Less Dense as a Solid, Good Solvent. Ice floats because its less dense as a solid.
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What are the four organic (macro) molecules (monomers and polymers)?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
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How are proteins denatured? Why does it matter?
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Change in PH, Temp., or Salt Concentration. Causes a loss of function if it occurs.
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What are the jobs of the Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast?
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Nuclues=Brain, Mitochondria=Power House Chloroplast=Photosynthesis (plants)
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What are membranes composed of and what are their functions?
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Phospholipids, create a barrier to protect cell and control traffic in and out of the cell.
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Compare and Contrast Active and Passive types of membrane transport.
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Passive=diffusion no energy required going with the flow. Active=requies energy going against the flow.
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How do you kill a plant or animal cell with osmosisi?
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Plant=Hypertonic, Animal=Hypotonic.
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What is Cellular Respiration? What is Fermentation?
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C.R.=Extraction of Energy from organic molecules Glucose to ATP. F=Anabolic respiration (w/o oxygen)
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Where do humans get their energy? (ATP)
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Humans get ATP from various foods and it is produced in the Krebs cycle.
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What is Photosynthesis?
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Capturing light energy from the sun and converting it to chemical energy stored in sugars.
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How are Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis related? Which one has a faster rate? How do we know?
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Photosynthesis is countered by cell respiration. They use each others products as substrates.
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Why are plants green?
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Chlorophyll because it mainly absorbs light in the red and blue spectrum.
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Why is life dependent on photosynthesis?
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What is the purpose of meiosis and mitosis?
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Mitosis=Asexual cloning. Meiosis=Sexual reproduction. The purpose of both is cellular reproduction.
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What is crossing over and why is it important?
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Occurs in prophase I of meiosis and it is when homologous chromosomes line up and genetic information can be exchanged.
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Who is Mendel, and what did he discover?
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Gregor Mendel began breeding his peas in 1857 to deduce heritability. He discovered that an inheritable unit could be passed on to offspring.
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What is a gene and what is an allele?
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A gene is the character (flower color) An Allele is a variant (purple flowers).
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What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
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D=written with a big letter. R=written with a little letter. in relation with each other.
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Who are James Watson and Francis Crick? What did they discover?
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Scientists that unveiled the structure of DNA. Awarded the Nobel prize in 1962.
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What is the central dogma, why is this central to all biology?
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The one way process that a gene will create a protein.
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Compare and Contrast transcription to translation.
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Transcription=the production of mRNA from a DNA template. Translation=the production of a protein from an mRNA template by a ribosome.
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Compare and contrast DNA to RNA.
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DNA=In the nuclues RNA=created and processed parts of the DNA.
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What is a codon? Why is it important?
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Specific set of 3 nucleotides that translates for a specific amino acid.
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What is the difference between mRNA and tRNA?
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mRNA is translated into protein with the help of transfer RNA which is tRNA.
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What is RNA processing in eukaryotes? Why is this good or bad?
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What is a mutation and what are the impacts of a mutation?
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M=changes in genetic material. Can lead to the production of an abnormal protein.
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Why do different cell types look different?
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Envrionmental conditions.
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What can bacteria do with naked DNA that eukaryotes can't? Is this good or bad?
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What is cancer?
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Four mutations that occur in either cells or genes.
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Compare and contrast a healthy cell and a cancer cell.
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Cancer cells have distinctive changes in structure due to the loss of genetic regulation.
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What are the main causes of cancer?
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UV, Smoke, Alcohol, Viruses
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What is a transgenic organism?
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What is biotechnology? Is it good or bad?
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Biotechnology is a break through with technology entering the science field specifically with DNA.
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What is primary research literature? How is it different from other scientific reports?
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It is an article written by a professional and critiqued by fellow scientists.
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What is a DNA fingerprint and how is it created?
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DNA fingerprint is a strand of DNA that can correctly identify an individual. It is created by extracting DNA then mixing it with a restriction enzyme and subjected to electrophoresis.
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Who is Darwin and what did he describe?
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Charles Darwin is known as the father of evolution. He described descent with modifications or evolution and natural selection.
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Compare and Contrast artificial and natural selection.
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A.S.=occurs when humans selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits. Natural selection occurs in nature.
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What is genetic diversity/variation and why is it important?
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It is important to prevent diseases and unwanted mutations. Also natural selection can only occur on variations.
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What are ways that populations evolve?
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Populations evolve both with discrete characters (either -or widow peak) or quantitative characters (continuum skin color)
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What is an adaptation?
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Species change in response the their enviornment.
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What is susbtainability?
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The survival of an organism while maintaining the quality of its environment.
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What is biosphere II, and what is its lesson?
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Experiment in AZ. in 1991. We still do not know all the important factors about what are essential elements to sustain life.
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What is biodiversity? and why is it important?
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A diversity of Animals and Plants that are needed to continue the successful habitation on the planet. It is essential for human survival.
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why is the size of the human population a concern?
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The number of people on the planet with greatly reduce the amount of resources the planet has.
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what are the two big picture things we can do to improve the sustainability of humans in their environment?
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Educate others, and Technological advances.
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What are some technologies that are improving sustainability?
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Improved Agricultural technologies (improved irrigation, genetically modified plants), and Renewable Energy (Wind, Water etc.)
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What is bioethics and why is it important?
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