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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an accurate distribution of genetic material and cellular components?
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Cellular reproduction
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What is the cellular reproduction of prokaryotes that produces genetically identical cells and is divided into three phases?
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Binary Fission
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The first stage of binary fission is what?
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Replication
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In Binary Fission's replication, what happens?
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DNA replicates itself.
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The second stage of binary fissin is what?
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Elongation
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What is binary fission's elongation all about?
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During elongation, there is an increase in cell size and conent between replicated DNA
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The third stage of binary fission is what?
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Seperation
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In binary fission's seperation, what happens?
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cell splits between replicated DNA
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What is a cellular reproduction in eukaryotes that is a nuclear division that produces genetically identical cells and occurs in somatic cells?
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Mitosis
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What are somatic cells?
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Body cells
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Mitosis is divided into how many phases?
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five
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The first phase of mitosis is what?
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interphase
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What happens in interphase?
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G1, S, and G2
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What is G1?
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replication of cellular components
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What is S?
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DNA replication
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What is G2?
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A last-minute check point
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What is the second phase of mitosis?
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Prophase
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What happens in prophase?
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The appearance of DNA will change from chromatin to chromosome, and the nucleus will disappear
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What is chromatin?
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loose and scattered appearance of DNA
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What is is a chromosome?
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tightly coiled and condensed appearance of DNA
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The third phase of mitosis is what?
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metaphase
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What happens during Metaphase?
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DNA will line up in center of cell
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The third phase of mitosis is called what?
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Anaphase
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Anaphase is...
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sepeation of replicated DNA
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Telephase is what?
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Final stage of meiosis
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What happens in telephase?
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DNA appearances changes back to chromatin, nucleus will reappear
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What is cytokinesis?
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seperation of cytoplasm
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What is cell plate formation?
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cytokenesis in plants
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What is clevage furrow?
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cytokenesis in animals
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What is meiosis? Where does it occur?
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A nuclear division that will not produce genetically identical cells. Occurs in sex cells of eukaryotes
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Every gene has two _________.
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Alleles
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What are alleles?
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Alternate form/variation of a gene
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What is the Law of Segregation?
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Alleles will seperate during meisos
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What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
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Allele seperation is completely random
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What is a dominant allele?
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It masks/hides the expression of another allele
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What is a recessive allele?
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it is masked/hidden in the prescence of another allele
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What does homozygous mean?
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Same alleles for a gene
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What about heterozygous?
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different alleles for a gene
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A variation to Mendle's hyptothesis is multiple alleles. What does this mean?
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The gene has many forms due to mutations.
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What is co-domiance?
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Two dominant alleles are being expressed equally. (ex: type AB blood)
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What is incomplete dominance?
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the dominant allele does not completely hide recessive alleles
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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many genes affect one physical characteristic
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What is pleiotrophy?
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one gene controlling/affecting many physical charactersistics (SRY gene in males)
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What is a phenotype?
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physical characteristics of an individual
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What is a genotype?
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Genetic make-up
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What are autosomes?
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Chromosome of the body
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What are sex chromosomes?
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chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual?
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XX is what?
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Female
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XY is what?
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male
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What is non-disjunction?
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failure of chromosomes to sepearate during meiosis.
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What is Trisomy 21?
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an individual with three copies of Chromosome 21. Also known as Down Syndrome.
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What is Trisomy 21 caused by?
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non-disjunction in autosomes
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What is Turner Syndrome?
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A female with only one x chromosome, caused by non-disjunction in sex chromosomes.
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What are the symptoms of Turner Syndrome?
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Sterile and lack of second sexual characteristics
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What is Trisomy X?
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Female with three X Chromosomes. Caused by nondisjunction in sex chromosomes?
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What happens to those with Trisomy X?
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Nothing. They're normal, but have higher estrogen
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What is Klinefelter Syndrome?
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Male with two X and one Y. caused by nondisjunction in sex chromosomes
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What are the effects of Klinefelter Syndrome?
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Sterile, mixed second sexual characteristics.
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What is Jacob Syndrome?
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Male with one X and two Y chromosomes. caused by nondisjunction in sex chromosomomes.
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What are the effects of Jacob Syndrome?
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Functions normally. More testosterone...which leads to being tall and stupid.
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