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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gender inequality
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exists in all regions; gender gap especially in M. East and S. Asia; inter-regional variations depend on socio-cultural, econ, historical, and political factors
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culture
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the value system, beliefs, attitudes of a group of people; *acquired as a member of society; individual habits v. group habits
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public policy
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gov't inaction/action on any social isue
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goal, objectives, indicators
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3 necessary components to a program?
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program
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how the policy takes action
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3 components of a program
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1. goal (Very broad) 2. objectives (have to be very specific) 3. indicators (show us whether we are achieving objectives or not)
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SMART objectives
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Specific, Measurable, Accountability, Reliability, Timebound
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elite and dominant model
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minority = elite; their dominant values play a role on the majority; circulation of elites will produce policies with changed values and beliefs
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systems model of policy change
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Pareto and Mosca; inputs = demands and support.. these go into the political system; competition leading to outputs (policy)... then there are new demands and support
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object-relation theory
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the process of developing a psyche as one grows in relation to others in the environment
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needs for effective policy
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buy in from the community; consideration of those affected by policy; long term sustainable change is only possible if policies are backed by people's voices; *dramatic changes are only possible with a visionary leading the community
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"equality"
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liberal/socialist feminism; gender should be irrelevant; gender diff. has to be done away with; argue for women's integration; *strategy of inclusion; gender diff. is sexist, patriarchal creation to perpetuate inequality; men and women are equal based on evaluation with respect to certain criteria
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"difference"
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accept the diff; gender diff should be recognized and valued; argue for reversing the order of things; *strategy of reversal; are of the view that the criteria is defined by men; *believe that neutrality is male defined
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intersectionality
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a term used to describe how multiple sources of identity (gender, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, age, etc) interrelate to affect experience; how these diff. identities can combine and create certain conditions and/or domination
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moral reasoning
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______ __________ is neutral, gendered, and gendering
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empowerment
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process by which those who have been denied the ability to make strategic life choices acquire such an ability; *alternatives to choose from, consequences of choices (practical v. strategic); *impact of inequalities on choices
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resources
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material, human, and social __________ that enhance the ability to choose
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agency
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ability to define one's goals and act upon them; refers to the power within
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achievements
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the outcome that results when resources and agency are used together to affect change
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Doxa
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aspects of culture/tradition become naturalized; shift from ____ to discourse is possible only when competing ways of doing things are there
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critical consciousness
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from unquestioning acceptance of social order to critical perspective on it
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triangulation
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process of cross checking results of one indicator through the other indicator; ensures that no researcher puts their own biases into understanding indicators
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strategies for change
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importance of social values, structural aspects, individual's role and agency role, *altruism v. separative model *context is important and how it shapes the empowerment process
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linear model of policy making
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initiation, issue expansion, public agenda, formal agenda, decision making, implementation
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first face of power
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conflict over decision making is observable and who has power is determined by who prevails in bargaining over key issues
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second face of power
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aspect of non-decision making
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Lowi's typology
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politics created will be that produced by redistributive, regulatory, or constituent policy types
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issue containment
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a way to redefine the issue in a way that it does not lead to outright conflict and to prevent it from reaching the decision making stage
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gender analysis
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an organized approach to examine the factors related to gender in the entire process of policy and program development; it seeks to identify and address the impact of policy and is the first step for gender sensitive planning and in promoting gender equality
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gender-blind policies
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recognize no distinction b/w sexes; assumptions->biases->tend to exclude women
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gender-aware policies
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recognize that society has men/women actors; that they are constrained, indifferent, and often unequal ways, and they may consequently have differing and sometimes conflicting needs, interests, and priorities
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gender-neutral, gender specific, gender redistributive
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3 types of gender-aware policies
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resource model of political participation
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argues that differences in men's and women's political participation are the result of indivudal-level inequalities in certain prerequisites to participation, such as money, free time, and civic skills
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six structural factors that influence the supply of female candidates
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money, time, civic skills and community participation, education, work, and economic power
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plurality/majority systems
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ask voters to vote for just a single person to represent them i.e. US and UK
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proportional representation
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voters vote for parties rather than specific candidates
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mixed systems
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combine both PR voting and plurality/majority voting
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district magnitude
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how many representatives an electoral district sends to the nat'l legislature; *they are better for women bc they can get on a party's ballot w/o displacing a male
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constitutional quotas
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mandated by a country's constitution; i.e. Iraq's new constitution mandates that at least 2.5% of the elected legislature be female
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political party quota
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a set of rules or targets mandating that a certain percentage of party candidates be women; **only affect women's representation if that political party can gain seats in parliament
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electoral law quotas
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apply to all political parties in a country and are therefore regulated by bureaucracies or judiciaries, rather than the political party leadership
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diffusion
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countries within the same region are likely to adopt similar types of quotas, suggesting that countries look to their neighbors as xamples
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quota criticisms
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labeled "undemocratic"; often argue that there are not enough qualified women to fill the quota, and including underqualified women may hurt rather than help women's future efforts at representation; quotas may become a ceiling rather than a floor.... quotas are superficial and will not alter the structural and cultural factors that create women's underrepresentation
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how int'l efforts may make a difference
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1. int'l activity can increase the supply of women interested in and able to compete for political office... training, campaign strategy, etc 2. int'l bodies may also work directly to increase the supply of women.... organizations that supply money, trianing, etc to promote women's empowerment 3. can increase the demand; pressuring states to adopt gender quotas 4. boomerang effect
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CEDAW
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; int'l bill of rights for women; demands that states change their laws to help women; adopted by UN Gen Assembly in 1979. US has never ratified the treaty
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critical mass
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when women reach a certain percentage of a legislature, they will be better able to pursue their policy priorities and legislative styles
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gender-neutral policy approaches
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use the knowledge of gender differences in a given context to overcome biases in delivery, to ensure that they target and benefit both genders effectively in terms of their practical gender needs, and that they work within the existing gender division of resources and responsibilities
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gender-specific policies
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use the knowledge of gender differences in a given context to respond to the practical gender needs of a specific gender, working w/ existing division of labor, resources, etc
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gender redistr. policies
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are interventions tha tintend to transform existing distributions to create a more balanced relationship of gender; these policies may target both gendres, or one gender specifically; touch on strategic gender interests; may work with women's practical issues
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WAD (Women and Development)
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1970s; transitory phase; felt that WID did not address root cause of the problem, women were integrated into development on unequal terms, need to increase access and control over resuorces, greater decision making
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GAD (Gender and Development)
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both men/women shape society and contribute to division of labor, they benefit/suffer unequally; more focus on women bc they're more disadvtgd and need to work w/ men for change; recognized the interdependence of men and women
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arguments for women's representation in politics
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1. politics-> an important arena for decision making 2. political power is a valuable good 3. political position=position of authority
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formal repr.
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women have legal right to participate in politics on an equal basis w/ men; *women must have same opportunity as men *doesn't necessarily lead to representation
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descriptive repr.
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must be descriptive similarity b/w representatives and constituents
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substantive repr.
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women's interests must be advocated in political arena; requires that politicians speak for and act to support women's issues
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problems with substantive representation
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1. female politicians may not desire to act for women 2. may not be able to act for women 3. race, ethnicity, etc. may not desire or be able to act for all women
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utility arguments for women's representation
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utility - usefulness of having women represented in politics 1. increasing women's participation improves the quality of representation and deliberation 2. visible women in politics act as role models for younger women 3. quality of decision making increases -> overall diversity of ideas, values, priorities, and political styles
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Lukes' three components of power
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1. prevailing in a conflict over overt political preferences 2. preventing the prefrences of others from reaching the agenda 3. shaping the preferences of others to match yours; control of info, mass media, and socialization
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factors in social movements
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resource mobilization, framing processes, political opportunities
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resource mobilization
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ability of social movement participants to organize and effectively use both financial and human resources to their benefit
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framing processes
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conscious strategic efforst by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and negotiate collective action
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political opportunities
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changes that are favorable for movement advancement or success and occur in the broader environment
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supply factors
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increase the pool of women with the will and experience to compete against men for political office
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demand factors
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characteristics of countries, electoral systems, or political parties that make it more likely that women will be pulled into office from the supply of willing candidates
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