Genbio 1St Quarter (2Nd Sem)

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is a field of study that deals with heredity and variations.

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GENETICS

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is the transmission of genes from one generation to the next generation.

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HEREDITY

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are DNA molecules that determine the traits of the organisms.

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GENES

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are the differences among individuals in a species or different among species in a population.

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VARIATIONS

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There are 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

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..

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A normal female has

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two X chromosomes (XX).

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A normal male has

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one X and one Y chromosomes (XY)

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- Father of Genetics.

- An Austrian monk.

- He presented in experiments the nature of inheritance in 1866 with the used of garden pea as his main specimen for his genetic experiment.

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GREGOR MENDEL

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- these are DNA molecules or information carried by each individual organism which determines the visible trait of an organism.

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GENES

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- one of the bodies in the cell nucleus that carry the cells genetic information.

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CHROMOSOMES

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- these are the genes found in the same loci of homologous chromosomes or the different forms of a gene.

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ALLELES

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- are genes that cover other genes. It is represented as CAPITAL LETTERS. Ex: G.

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DOMINANT ALLELE

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- are genes hidden by other genes. It is represented by lowercase letters. Example: g.

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RECESSIVE ALLELE

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- are organisms who have 2 of the same alleles. Either 2 dominant and/or 2 recessive alleles. It is written as: 2 capitals: GG or 2 lowercase: gg

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HOMOZYGOUS

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- are organism who have 2 of the different alleles, either 1 dominant and 1 recessive.

- It is written with both capital and lowercase letter: Gg

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HETEROZYGOUS

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- It is the genetic make up or genetic composition for particular trait.

- E.g. TT or Tt is the ___ for the tall trait, while tt is the genotype for short trait.

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GENOTYPE

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- It is the appearance or characteristic of the organism or the trait that is expressed as determined by the genotype.

- E.g. Tall trait is determined by the genotype TT or Tt and short trait is determined by the genotype tt.

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PHENOTYPE

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- He is the creator of the Punnett square

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REGINALD PUNNETT

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- a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring.

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PUNNETT SQUARE

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- occurs because each gamete inherits only one copy of each chromosome.

- Each chromosome has only one copy of each gene; therefore each gamete only gets one allele.

- occurs when the homologous chromosomes separate during meiotic anaphase I.

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SEGREGATION

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- occurs because homologous chromosomes are randomly segregated into different gametes; ie, one gametes does not only get all maternal chromosomes while the other gets all paternal chromosomes.

- occurs when homologous chromosomes align randomly at the metaphase plate during meiotic metaphase I.

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INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

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Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

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- Law of Complete Dominance

- Law of Codominance

- Law of Incomplete Dominance

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- only one allele in the genotype is seen in the phenotype.

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Law of Complete Dominance

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- both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype.

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Law of Codominance

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- a mixture of alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype.

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Law of Incomplete Dominance

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- is any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's Law.

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NON-MENDELIAN TRAITS

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- Gregor Mendel's another law stating that when two alleles of an inherited pair is heterozygous, then, the allele that is expressed is dominant whereas the allele that is not expressed is recessive.

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LAW OF DOMINANCE

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- is when a dominant allele, or form of a gene, does not completely mask the effects of a recessive allele, and the organism's resulting physical appearance shows a blending of both alleles.

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

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• Dominant allele is NOT completely expressed.

• There is NO clearly dominant allele.

• May result in a 3rd phenotype.

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

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occurs when two vers ions, or "alleles", of the same gene are present in a living thing, and both are expressed. Instead of one trait being dominant over the other, both traits appear.

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CO-DOMINANCE

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Instances in which a particular gene may exist in three or more allelic forms are known as

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MULTIPLE ALLELES