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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is this? |
relay neurones |
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What needs to be kept constant in the body? (4 things) |
Ion, Water, Sugar and Temperature |
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How are ions taken into the body? How are they absorbed? |
By food, they are absorbed into the blood |
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How are excess ions lost or removed? |
lost in sweat removed from blood by kidneys, then got rid of in urine |
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How is water is lost from the body? (3 things) |
through skin as sweat, by lungs as breathing by kidneys as urine |
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What happens to urine on a cold day? and why? |
you don't sweat as much so more urine is produced urine will be pale (since waste is more diluted) |
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what happens to urine on a hot day? and why? |
More sweat so less urine is produced so urine will be more concentrated |
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What organ controls body temperature? |
The brain |
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What's temperature is best for enzymes to work? and what does this do to the body? |
37 degrees celsius the body tries to maintain this temperature |
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What does the part of the brain that controls the body's temperature do? and how/why? |
it is sensitive to blood temperature in the brain and it receives messages from the skin that provides information about the skin temperature |
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What food group puts glucose into the blood? |
carbohydrates |
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What does the metabolism of cells remove from the blood? |
glucose |
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what's the name of the hormone that helps to maintain the right amount of glucose? what does this hormone do? |
Insulin helps cells have a constant supply of energy |
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what can interfere with the chemical reactions in the body? |
Drugs |
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when a chemical changes in the body is can cause a drug addiction what happens if you suddenly stop taking the drugs? |
withdrawal symptoms |
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name 4 addictive drugs |
Heroin Cocaine Nicotine Caffeine |
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what types of drugs are there? |
Medical Recreational (taking them for enjoyment) Performance-Enhancing |
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What type of drugs can be prescribed by a doctor? (like paracetamol) |
Medical Drugs |
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Recreational drugs are used for fun. Are they legal or illegal? |
they can be legal and illegal |
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What types of Performance Enhancing drugs are there? and what do they do? |
anabolic steroids ( increase muscle size) stimulants (increase heart rate) |
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What can steroids cause? |
high blood pressure |
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2 reasons against performance enhancing drugs |
they give the person an unfair advantage they might not be fully informed of the serious health risks |
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1 reason for performance enhancing drugs |
they have the right to make their own decision whether to take the risk or not
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what is the drugs statins used for? |
to lower risk of heart and circulatory disease |
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what is the drugs statins used for? |
to lower risk of heart and circulatory disease lowers blood cholesterol
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what does the chemicals in cannabis smoke cause? |
the chemicals cause mental health problems |
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The 3 main stages of drug testing... |
1) Drugs tested on human cells and tissues (they can't test drugs that involve the whole/multiple body systems -like the blood pressure)
2) test the drug on live animals (to find out the toxicity)
3) If drug passes first 2 stages then it is tested on human volunteers - tested on healthy volunteers then on people with the illness
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What is the Placebo effect? |
when he patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better even though the treatment isn't doing anything |
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What is a placebo? |
A substance that's like the drug being tested but doesn't do anything |
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Why are clinical trials (when testing drugs) blind? |
So the patient doesn't know whether they are getting the placebo or the actually drug So the doctor monitoring isn't subconsciously influenced |
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What was thalidomide intended for? |
A sleeping pill |
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What happened with thalidomide? |
It was found that it relieved morning sickness in pregnant women however when these women actually gave birth it was found that the child had abnormal limb development |
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What is thalidomide now used for? |
leprosy and other disease (some cancers) |
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what classes are illegal drugs divided into? |
soft and hard hard drugs are more harmful and addictive |
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What health problems can be caused from obesity? (5 things) |
type 2 diabetes arthritis high blood pressure heart disease some types of cancer |
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what is the result of too much saturated fat? |
increase blood cholesterol level |
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what can too much salt cause? |
high blood pressure heart problems |
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what is malnutrition? |
lack of food |
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what can malnutrition cause? (4 things) |
slow growth in children fatigue poor resistance to infection irregular periods |
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how are deficiency diseases caused and an example? |
lack of vitamins and minerals scurvy (problem with skin, joints and gums) |
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What effects can be caused by inherited factors? |
underactive thyroid gland (can lower metabolic rate) blood cholesterol (increases risk of heart disease) |
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What is cholesterol? |
a fatty substance that's essential for good health found in every cell |
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what to look for when looking for reliable results? |
is it scientific - reputable was it written by a qualified person was the sample group reliable other studies' results |
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Why do people use recreational drugs? (5 things) |
Simple enjoyment relaxation/ stress relief inspiration personal reasons |
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what three opinions are there about the link between cannabis and hard drugs? |
it's a stepping stone - creates a desire for harder drugs it's a gateway - brings u into contact with dealers genetics - some people are more likely to take drugs generally |
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What are the effects of smoking? |
death heart,blood vessel and lung disease cancer it's addictive |
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what are the effects of alcohol? |
slows body's reactions impaired judgement poor coordination unconsciousness liver disease brain damage addictive |
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5 main food groups and what they do |
carbohydrates- release energy fats - keep warm and release energy protein - growth, cell repair and replacement fibre - smooth digestive system vitamins and minerals - healthy skin, bones, blood etc |
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what is metabolism and metabolic rate? |
chemical reactions in body that keep u alive. speed at which these occur is metabolic rate |
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what affects metabolic rate? |
more muscle than fat is quicker bigger people have it quicker men are quicker exercise makes it quicker |
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Definition of Malnourished? |
Someone's who's diet is badly balanced (fat or thin) |
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What can excess carbohydrates/ fat lead to? |
obesity |
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what is a pathogen? |
microorganisms that enters the body and causes disease |
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what is a pathogen? |
microorganisms that enters the body and causes disease |
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What are bacteria? |
small living cells |
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what is a pathogen? |
microorganisms that enters the body and causes disease |
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What are bacteria? |
small living cells |
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how does bacteria make you feel ill? |
they reproduce inside the body, damage your own cells and produce toxins |
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are viruses cells? |
they are not cells |
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how do viruses make you feel ill? |
they replicate themselves by invading your cells then making the cell burst releasing loads of new viruses the cell damage makes you ill |
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what helps prevent pathogens getting into the body? |
skin, hairs and mucus in the respiratory tract (breathing pipe work) |
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what are platelets and what do they do? |
small fragments of cells that prevent microorganisms getting into the body through cuts they help blood clot quickly |
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what happens when there are a low number of platelets? |
the blood will clot slower |
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what are white blood cells constantly doing? |
they patrol the body looking for microbes |
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what can white blood cells do when a pathogen enters the body? |
engulf the foreign cells and digest them produce antibodies produce antitoxins |
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what can white blood cells do when a pathogen enters the body? |
engulf the foreign cells and digest them produce antibodies produce antitoxins |
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what are antigens? |
unique molecules are on the surface of every invading cell |
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what happens when a white blood cell comes across a foreign antigen? |
the white blood cell produce proteins called antibodies that lock onto and kill invading cells |
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what are 2 pros of vaccination? |
1) helps control lots of infectious diseases 2) prevents epidemics |
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what is the process of investigating antibiotics? |
1) hot agar jelly is poured into a Petri dish 2) this cools, and the microorganisms are then transferred using an inoculating hoop on to the culture medium 3) micro organisms multiply 4) paper discs are soaked in different antibiotics and placed on the jelly antibiotic-resistant will continue to grow non-resistant strains will die |
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why does the Petri dishes lid need to be on? (when testing drugs) |
so the air doesn't contaminate the culture growing inside |
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what does epidemic mean? |
big outbreak of disease |
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what are 2 cons of vaccination? |
1) they don't always give you immunity 2) bad reactions can occur |
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what's the difference between painkillers/ some other drugs and antibiotics? |
painkillers and some other drugs only relieve pain, antibiotics kill/ prevent growth of |
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which pathogen do antibiotics kill? |
bacteria NOT viruses |
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why can't antibiotics kill viruses? |
viruses reproduce using your own cells so difficult to develop a drug that just kills the virus |
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what happens to the antibiotic if the bacteria mutates? |
the mutations cause them to be resistant to the antibiotic |
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what happens to the bacteria if you have an infection? |
the bacteria can become resistant |
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what happens to the individual resistant bacteria? |
it will survive and reproduce and the population of the resistant strain increases |
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what can the resistant strain cause? |
serious infection |
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how did Semmelweis cut deaths? |
by using antiseptics |
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how did Semmelweis cut deaths? |
by using antiseptics |
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Semmelweis couldn't explain why the death rate decreased when washing doctors hands, why? |
because bacteria wasn't discovered so he couldn't explain why |
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what can the overuse of antibiotics cause? |
antibiotic resistance |
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what can the overuse of antibiotics cause? |
antibiotic resistant strains can occur |
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Can viruses mutate? |
yes |
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how come it is difficult to develop vaccines against viruses? |
because the changes to their DNA can lead them to having different antigens |
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how come it is difficult to develop vaccines against viruses? |
because the changes to their DNA can lead them to having different antigens |
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what precautions can be taken to stop a virus spreading? |
people can have vaccines and antiviral drugs could be developed (those these take time) |
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what is a pandemic? |
a disease that spreads all over the world |
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how come it is difficult to develop vaccines against viruses? |
because the changes to their DNA can lead them to having different antigens |
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what precautions can be taken to stop a virus spreading? |
people can have vaccines and antiviral drugs could be developed (those these take time) |
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what is a pandemic? |
a disease that spreads all over the world |
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what do sense organs detect? |
stimuli |
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how come it is difficult to develop vaccines against viruses? |
because the changes to their DNA can lead them to having different antigens |
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what precautions can be taken to stop a virus spreading? |
people can have vaccines and antiviral drugs could be developed (those these take time) |
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what is a pandemic? |
a disease that spreads all over the world |
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what do sense organs detect? |
stimuli |
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what is a stimulus? |
a change in your environment |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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the sense organs contain different receptors, what are receptors? |
groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and they chance stimulus energy into electrical impulses |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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the sense organs contain different receptors, what are receptors? |
groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and they chance stimulus energy into electrical impulses |
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what are the 9 types of stimulus'? |
light, sound, torch, pressure, pain, chemical, change in position, temperature |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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the sense organs contain different receptors, what are receptors? |
groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and they chance stimulus energy into electrical impulses |
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what are the 9 types of stimulus'? |
light, sound, torch, pressure, pain, chemical, change in position, temperature |
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what is the receptor for eyes? and what does the receptors cell contain? |
light receptor nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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the sense organs contain different receptors, what are receptors? |
groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and they chance stimulus energy into electrical impulses |
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what are the 9 types of stimulus'? |
light, sound, torch, pressure, pain, chemical, change in position, temperature |
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what is the receptor for eyes? and what does the receptors cell contain? |
light receptor nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane |
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what receptor do ears have? and what are they sensitive to? |
sound receptor sensitive to change in position |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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the sense organs contain different receptors, what are receptors? |
groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and they chance stimulus energy into electrical impulses |
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what are the 9 types of stimulus'? |
light, sound, torch, pressure, pain, chemical, change in position, temperature |
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what is the receptor for eyes? and what does the receptors cell contain? |
light receptor nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane |
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what receptor do ears have? and what are they sensitive to? |
sound receptor sensitive to change in position |
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what receptor does the nose have? and what is it sensitive to? |
Smell receptor sensitive to chemical stimuli |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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the sense organs contain different receptors, what are receptors? |
groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and they chance stimulus energy into electrical impulses |
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what are the 9 types of stimulus'? |
light, sound, torch, pressure, pain, chemical, change in position, temperature |
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what is the receptor for eyes? and what does the receptors cell contain? |
light receptor nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane |
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what receptor do ears have? and what are they sensitive to? |
sound receptor sensitive to change in position |
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what receptor does the nose have? and what is it sensitive to? |
Smell receptor sensitive to chemical stimuli |
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what receptors does the tongue have? and what is it sensitive to? |
taste receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli |
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what are the 5 sense organs? |
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin |
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the sense organs contain different receptors, what are receptors? |
groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and they chance stimulus energy into electrical impulses |
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what are the 9 types of stimulus'? |
light, sound, torch, pressure, pain, chemical, change in position, temperature |
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what is the receptor for eyes? and what does the receptors cell contain? |
light receptor nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane |
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what receptor do ears have? and what are they sensitive to? |
sound receptor sensitive to change in position |
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what receptor does the nose have? and what is it sensitive to? |
Smell receptor sensitive to chemical stimuli |
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what receptors does the tongue have? and what is it sensitive to? |
taste receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli |
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what is the skin stimulus? |
touch pressure pain temperature change |
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what is the black line called? |
sensory neurone |
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what does the sensory neurone do? |
the nerve cells carry signals as electrical impulses from the receptors in the sense organs to the central nervous system |
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what is this? |
relay neurones |
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what is this? |
relay neurones |
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what is are relay neurones? |
the nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurones to motor neurones |
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what is this? |
relay neurones |
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what is are relay neurones? |
the nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurones to motor neurones |
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what are relay neurones? |
the nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurones to motor neurones |
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what are motor neurones? |
the nerve cells that carry signals from the central nervous system to the effector muscles or glands |
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what are the effectors? and how do they react? |
muscles - contract in response to a nervous impulse glands - secrete hormones |
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what information is sent to the central nervous system? and how does the central nervous system respond? |
the information from the sense organs is sent to the central nervous system and where reflexes and actions are coordinated |
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what information is sent to the central nervous system? and how does the central nervous system respond? |
the information from the sense organs is sent to the central nervous system and where reflexes and actions are coordinated |
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what does the central nervous system consist of? |
the brain and the spinal cord |
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what are neurones? |
nerve cells |
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what information is sent to the central nervous system? and how does the central nervous system respond? |
the information from the sense organs is sent to the central nervous system and where reflexes and actions are coordinated |
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what does the central nervous system consist of? |
the brain and the spinal cord |
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what are neurones? what do they do? |
nerve cells that transmit information to and from the brain |
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how do neurones transmit the information to and from the central nervous system? |
as electrical impulses |
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where does the central nervous system send the information that is transmitted? |
the information goes straight to the effectors |
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what is a synapse? |
the connection between 2 neurones |
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what is a synapse? |
the connection between 2 neurones |
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how are nerve signals transferred? |
by chemicals which diffuse across the gap |
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what do those chemicals then do? |
set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone |
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what do those chemicals then do? |
set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone |
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what are reflexes? what do they reduce? |
the automatic responses to a certain stimuli - they reduce the chances of being injured |
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what is an example of a reflex? |
someone shines a bright light in your eye your pupil shrinks so less light gets in the eye |
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what happens your body gets a shock? |
the body releases an adrenaline hormone which gives you no chance to decide if you are shocked |
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what is a reflex arc? |
the information passed on from receptor to effector |
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what do the neurones do in a reflex arc? |
they go through the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain |
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what happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors? |
impulses are sent along a sensory neurone |
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what happens your body gets a shock? |
the body releases an adrenaline hormone which gives you no chance to decide if you are shocked |
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what is a reflex arc? |
the information passed on from receptor to effector |
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what do the neurones do in a reflex arc? |
they go through the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain |
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what happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors? |
impulses are sent along a sensory neurone |
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what happens when the impulses reach a synapse between 2 neurones? |
they trigger chemicals to be released which are then sent along a different neurone or effector |
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what are the 7 steps of a reflex arc? |
stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector response |
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what are the 7 steps of a reflex arc? |
stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector response |
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what are hormones? |
chemical messengers sent in the blood |
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what are the 7 steps of a reflex arc? |
stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector response |
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what are hormones? |
chemical messengers sent in the blood to activate target cells |
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what are hormones carried in? |
blood plasmas |
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what do hormones control? |
organs and cells that need constant adjustment |
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what is produced by the pituitary gland? (part of the brain) |
FSH LH |
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what is produced by the pituitary gland? (part of the brain) |
FSH LH |
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what do ovaries produce? |
oestrogen |
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what is produced by the pituitary gland? (part of the brain) |
FSH LH |
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what do ovaries produce? |
oestrogen |
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what are the 3 differences between nerves and hormones? |
nerves are fast, hormones are slow nerves act for a short time, hormones act for a long time nerves act on a precise area hormones act in a more general way |
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what is the flight-or-flight response? |
when you body is hyped from adrenaline |
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what is the menstrual cycle? |
the monthly release of an egg from a women's ovaries and the build up and breakdown of the protective lining in the uterus |
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what does FSH (follicular-stimulating hormone) do? (2 things) |
causes an egg to mature stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen |
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what does FSH (follicular-stimulating hormone) do? (2 things) |
causes an egg to mature stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen |
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what produces FSH? |
the pituitary gland |
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what does oestrogen do the pituitary gland? |
produce LH and inhibit further release of FSH |
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what produces LH (luteinising hormone) ? |
pituitary gland |
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what produces LH (luteinising hormone) ? |
pituitary gland |
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what does LH do? |
stimulates the release of an egg on day 14/15 of the menstrual cycle |
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where is progesterone (hormone) produced? |
ovaries |
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what can be used to prevent the release of an egg? |
hormones (oestrogen, progesterone) |
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what can be used to prevent the release of an egg? |
hormones (oestrogen, progesterone) |
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how do hormones prevent releasing an egg? |
can stimulate the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm getting through (progesterone) |
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what are 2 pros of using the pill? |
over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy reduces risk of some cancers |
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what are 2 pros of using the pill? |
over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy reduces risk of some cancers |
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what are 3 cons of using the pill? |
not 100% effective side effects - headaches, nausea, irregular menstrual bleeding and fluid retention doesn't protect against STDs |
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what is the pro of using hormones to increase fertility? |
helps women get pregnant |
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what is the pro of using hormones to increase fertility? |
helps women get pregnant |
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what are 2 cons of using hormones to increase fertility? |
doesn't always work - expensive treatment too many eggs can be stimulated causing multiple pregnancies |
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what is the pro of using hormones to increase fertility? |
helps women get pregnant |
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what are 2 cons of using hormones to increase fertility? |
doesn't always work - expensive treatment too many eggs can be stimulated causing multiple pregnancies |
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what does IVF involve? |
collecting eggs from the women's ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the males sperm which are then grown into embryos |
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what is the pro of using hormones to increase fertility? |
helps women get pregnant |
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what are 2 cons of using hormones to increase fertility? |
doesn't always work - expensive treatment too many eggs can be stimulated causing multiple pregnancies |
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what does IVF involve? |
collecting eggs from the women's ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the males sperm which are then grown into embryos |
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what happens when the embryos are tiny balls of cells? |
they are transferred into the woman's uterus |
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what is 1 pro of using IVF? |
this can be used for an infertile couple |
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what is 1 pro of using IVF? |
this can be used for an infertile couple |
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what are 3 cons of IVF? |
can cause abdominal pain, vomiting and dehydration increased risk of cancer multiple births - risk of miscarriage and still birth |
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what is auxin? |
plant growth hormone |
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where does auxin grow? |
near the tips of shoots and roots |
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what does auxin control? |
phototropism (light) geotropism (gravity) moisture |
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what's cell elongation? |
the enlargement process which auxin occurs just behind the tips and moves backwards |
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what happens if the tip of the is shoot removed? |
no auxin available so shoot may stop growing |
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what does extra auxin promote? |
promotes growth in the shoot but inhibits growth in the root |
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what does this diagram show? |
SHOOTS GROW TOWARDS LIGHT when a shoot top is exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the side that's in the shade this makes cells grow faster on the shaded side |
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what does this diagram show? |
SHOOTS GROW AWAY FROM GRAVITY Gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip more auxin on lower side lower side grows faster |
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what does this diagram show? |
ROOTS GROW TOWARDS GRAVITY more auxin on lower side extra auxin inhibits growth so cells on top elongate faster |
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what does this diagram show? |
ROOT GROWS TOWARDS MOISTURE uneven amount of moisture produces more auxin on side with more moisture
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