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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wildlife Management |
The application of ecological knowledge to populations of vertebrate animals and their plant and animal associates in a manner that strikes a balance between the needs of these populations and the needs of people |
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Dietary analysis - carnivores -pre-ingestion |
Observations difficult Limited to large carnivores Binoculars, spotting scope, night vision scopes |
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Dietary analysis - herbivores -pre-ingestion |
Observations of wild ungulates count browsed or grazed plants Tame ungulates Bite studies - bites/min, % composition of diet, volume or biomass |
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Browse Surveys |
Estimate of the forage removed by grazing and browsing Before and after Grazed - ungrazed comparison - Use exclosures, compare at end of growing season, time consuming and imprecise grazed - plant method - Count number of grazed plants or browsed stems |
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Stomach or rumen contents - carnivores |
contents can be referenced to sex, age, size entire digestive tracts or contents may be collected freezing or field preservation in 10% formalin wash carefully, watch for pathogens ID hair, feather, bones. |
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Stomach or rumen contents - herbivores |
wash contents over sieve sets IDed macroscopically or microhistologically reference collections of plant epidermal cells rumen fluids & rumen fauna can affect the analysis |
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Fistula |
Permanent device permanently placed in an animals digestive tract work well only with tame animals esophageal or rumen |
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Casts or crop contents |
Owls and raptors - anonymous information drying/freezing to kill microbial action separate bones, hair, feathers Crops hunter killed; collected wash over sieve and dry separate seeds and plants |
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Scats, pellets, and droppings |
anonymous information size, composition, conformation may provide ID analysis of bile acids does not require killing of animal Only the most durable parts are present underestimates easily digestible material |
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Available foods |
censusing, sampling prey populations vegetative analysis - % composition, biomass Comparing availability of food % composition or volume in diet |
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opportunistic foragers - |
% comp in diet = % comp in habitat |
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selective foragers - |
% comp in diet does not equal % comp in habitat |
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Dietary selection |
availability estimated, field studies |
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forage ratio index |
FR = r/nr = use (in diet) n = availability >1.0 = positive selection, 1.0 = use in proportion |
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Rank preference index |
t = r - s t = rank difference, r = rank of usage of resource type, s = rank of availability of resource type |
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Descriptive Indices = how many in the population are using the food? |
desirability coefficient = % vol food item in diet * % occurrence in stomachs / % food item in plant population Food index = (% utilization * (100-%availability)) / 100 |
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Forage analysis - parameters of interest |
crude protein energy elements nutrition |
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crude protein |
most commonly used, important in growth and structure measure of nitrogen Kjedahl procedure crude protein may not be quality protein |
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Energy |
daily fuel - measured by bomb calorimetry Crude fat crude fiber (ADF) |
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Elements |
Ca : P ratio - both needed for bone growth. 1:1 |
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Analysis of available forage(*4) |
1. potentials for the diet 2. attempt to gather a representative diet from grasses, forbs, and shrubs 3. analyse for crude protein, dry matter, energy, etc. 4. Difficult to reconstruct the dietary selection |
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Carcass indices |
whole body fat (small mammals) skeletal measurements and weights femur length : hind foot length Marrow fat - last fat reserves to be metabolized from femur or mandibular cavitymeasure or visual (pink or runny) Kidney Fat Index (KFI) - abdominal fat reservesratio of perirenal fat to weight of the kidney fluctuates with season |
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Use at least three of these indicators to assess diet quality |
BUN(Blood urea nitrogen) fecal DAPA (protein and E status ) KFI(ratio of perirenal fat to weight of the kidney) fecal crude protein() rumenal DE() |
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Reproductive performance |
-Reproductive capacity and success are indicators of health of the population -Females are the reproductive unit -Ovarian activity in birds - laparotomy,clutch size - Mammals - estrus, ovulation & corpora lutea, placental scars, lactation |
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Survivorship = |
production vs. recruitment |
