Final Exam

Front 1

Taxonomy

Back 1

Ordered division and naming of organisms: two-part naming system

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Cladistics

Back 2

Groups organism by common ancestor

Front 3

Systematics

Back 3

Depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees

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Taxonomic levels

Back 4

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus species

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Paraphyletic

Back 5

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

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Polyphyletic

Back 6

Pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor

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Monophyletic

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Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Equivalent to a clade

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Biological organization

Back 8

Biosphere, ecosystem, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules

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Macromolecules

Back 9

Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids,carbohydrates

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Xylem

Back 10

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plants

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Phloem

Back 11

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

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Cuticle

Back 12

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevent dessication in terrestrial plants

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Spores

Back 13

In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meoisis. A spore can divide by mitosis to help develop into a multicellular haploid individual, without fusing with another cell.

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Seeds

Back 14

An adaption of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat

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Guard cells

Back 15

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore

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Lignin

Back 16

A strong polymer embedded in the cellulose matrix of the secondary cell walls of vascular plants that provides structural support in terrestrial species

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Cellulose

Back 17

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

Front 18

Cell wall

Back 18

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Cellulose:plants chitin:fungi peptidoglycan:bacteria

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Chlorophyll a

Back 19

A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions which convert solar energy to chemical energy

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Chlorophyll b

Back 20

An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

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Chitin

Back 21

A structural polysaccaride consisting of aminosugar monomers found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods

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Haustoria

Back 22

A specialized hypa that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms

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mycelium

Back 23

The densely branched network of hypae in fungus

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Lichen

Back 24

Symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus

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Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Back 25

Extend branching hypae throughout the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination

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Karyogamy

Back 26

The fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents, proceeded by plasmogamy

Front 27

Sporopollenin

Back 27

A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of chatophyte algae and forms walla of plant spores preventing them from drying out

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Septa

Back 28

One of the cross walls that divide a fungal hyphae into cells. Generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell

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Zygomycota

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Characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction (a place where karyogamy occurs)

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Ascomycota

Back 30

Commonly called sac fumgus . name comes from the sac like structure in which spores develop

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Basidiomycota

Back 31

Commonly called club fungus. Name comes from the club like basidium. (A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms)

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Glomeromycota

Back 32

Characterized by the distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae

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Chytridiomycota

Back 33

Mostly aquatic fungi with flagelated zoospores that represents an early diverging fungal lineage

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Charophyceans

Back 34

Green algae

Front 35

Bryophytes

Back 35

Moss, liverwart. Nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptions of vascular plants

Front 36

Lycophytes

Back 36

Includes club mosses

Front 37

Gymnosperms

Back 37

A vascular plant that beats naked seeds- seeds not enclosed on chambers

Front 38

Angiosperms

Back 38

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary

Front 39

Hox genes

Back 39

Determine how the body will form

Front 40

Gastrulation

Back 40

A series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula stage embryo folds inward producing a three layered embyro (the gastrula- ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

Front 41

Amoebocytes

Back 41

Amoeba like cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals. Depending the species it may digest and distribute food, dispose of waster. Form skeletal fibers, fight infections, or change into other cell types

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Choanocyte

Back 42

Flagellated collar cells that generate water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food

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Cnidocytes

Back 43

Unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey

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Nematocysts

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Specialized cells within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

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Lateral line

Back 45

Series of pores and receptors along the sides of the body in fishes to detect water movement and vibrations

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Foot

Back 46

Found on a mollusc, used for movement

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Chelicerae

Back 47

Claw like feeding appendages (sea spiders, ticks mites etc)

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4 essential nutrients

Back 48

Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

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Types of feeders

Back 49

Filter feeders, suspension feeders

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Nutrition process

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Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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Digestion

Back 51

Liver, pancreas, gall bladder have a significant effect on the digestion of macraloecules

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Stomach

Back 52

Stores food and secretes gastric juice which converts a meal to acid chyme

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Protein

Back 53

Digested in the stomach

Front 54

Bile

Back 54

Aids is absorption

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Single circulation

Back 55

Boney fish and sharks have single circulation, blood leaving the 2 chambered heart passes through 2 capillary beds before returning

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Double circulation

Back 56

Amphibian and reptiles, oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the left and right side of the heart

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Vertebrae hearts

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Contain 2 or more chambers, blood enters through the atrium and is pumped out through the ventricle

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SA node

Back 58

Sinoatrial node, or the pacemaker, sets rate and timing at which the cardiac muscle cells contract

Front 59

SA node

Back 59

Influenced by nerves, giones, body temperature and exercise

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Capilaries

Back 60

Have thin walla to facilitate the exchange of materials

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Capilaries

Back 61

Have thin walla to facilitate the exchange of materials

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Arteries

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Have thicker walla than veins to accommodate high bp pumped from the heart

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Heart attack

Back 63

Death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from a blockage of one or more coronary arteries

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Stroke

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Death of the nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

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Blood components

Back 65

Red blood cells transport 02, white blood cells act in defense, platelets help clot, and plasma contains ions, water and nutrients

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Osmoregulation

Back 66

Regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water

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Osmoconformers

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Consisting of only some marine animals, are isoosmotic with their surrounding

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Osmoregulator

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Expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosomtatic or hypoosmotic environment

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Metanephridia

Back 69

Occur in each segment of the earthworm, consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute unrine for excretion

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Nephron

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The functional unit of the vertebrae kidney, consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called glomerulus

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Kidneys

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The excretory organs of vertebraes , function in both excretion and osmoregulation

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Malpighian tubules

Back 72

Occur in insects and other terrestrial arthropods, remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation

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Parthenogenesis

Back 73

Development of embryo from an unfertilized egg, male and female nuclei fail to unite after fertilization

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Cleavage

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Rapid cell division

Front 75

Gastrulation

Back 75

The movement of cells from the blastila surface to the interior of the embryo

Front 76

Organogenesis

Back 76

Formation of organs

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Gastrulation

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Rearranges the cells of the blastula into a three layered embryo called the gastrula

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Gastrulation produces

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Ectoderm-outer layer endoderm- lines the digestive tract mesoderm- partly fills the space between the endoderm and the ectoderm

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Chorion

Back 79

Functions in gas exchange

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Amnion

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Encloses the amniotic fluid

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Yolk sac

Back 81

Encloses the yolk

Front 82

Allantosis

Back 82

Disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange

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Asexual

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Only one parent, widespread in bacteria, no special reproductive organs, ensures rapid increase in numbera

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Binary fission

Back 84

Asexual reproductive method- common among bacteria and protozoa, parent divides by mitosis, can be lengthwise or transverse

Front 85

Sporogamy

Back 85

Form of multiple fission in parasitic protozoa

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Budding

Back 86

Unequal division of an organism, bud is an outgrowth of the parent, develops organs and then detatches, occurs in cnidarias

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Sexual reproduction

Back 87

Generally involves 2 parents, special germ cells unite to form a zygote, richer more diverse population

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Fragmentation

Back 88

Multicellular animal breaking into many fragments that become a new animal occurs in anemones and hydroids

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Oviparous

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Egg birth, lays egg outside of body

Front 90

Ovoviviparous

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Retain eggs in their body, egg live birth

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Viviparous

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Live birth

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Nerve net

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Cnidaria

Front 93

Radial nerve

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Echinodermata

Front 94

Brain and nerve cord

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Flatworm and annelida

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CNS and PNS

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Vertebraes

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CNS

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Composed of the brain and spinal cord

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PNS

Back 97

Composed of nerves and ganglia

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Spinal cord

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Conveys info from and to the brain, produces reflexes independently of the brain

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Gray matter

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Consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons

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White matter

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Consists of bundles of myelinated axons

Front 101

Cerebral spinal fluid

Back 101

Central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain are filled with CSF. CSF is filtered from blood and functions to cushion the brain and spinal cord as well as to provide nutrients and remove waste

Front 102

Gilia

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Numerous functions to nourish, support and regulate neurons

Front 103

PNS

Back 103

Consists of the motor system and the autonomic nervous system

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Motor system

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Carries signals to the skeletal muscles and is voluntary

Front 105

Autonomic nervous system

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Regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary

Front 106

Autonomic nervous system

Back 106

Has parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric division

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Sympathetic

Back 107

Regulates arousal and energy generation

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Parasympathetic

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Has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming and a return to rest and digest functions

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Enteric

Back 109

Controls activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

Front 110

Afferent neurons

Back 110

Send from sensory to CNS

Front 111

Efferent

Back 111

Send from CNS TO PNS

Front 112

PNS

Back 112

Transmits info to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment

Front 113

Cerebellum

Back 113

Coordination

Front 114

Occipital lobe

Back 114

Visual

Front 115

Partial lobe

Back 115

Sensory

Front 116

Frontal lobe

Back 116

Motor cortex, muscles, decision making and planning

Front 117

Temporal lobe

Back 117

Hearing

Front 118

Hippocampus

Back 118

Short and long term memory