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83 Cards in this Set
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Bowen Family Systems |
-main dysfunction is emotional fusion (an exaggeration of the need for togetherness) -therapy's focus is to help clients' with a high level of differentiation of self - person with high level of differentiation is able to be close to others but maintains a healthy autonomy |
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Bowen Family Systems
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Treatment Goals for Family Therapy: 1. decrease anxiety 2. increase differentiation of self 3. pay attention to process (patterns of emotional reactivity) & structure (patterns of interlocking triangles) |
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Bowen Family Systems
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Counselor's Role of Family Therapy: 1. Coach, researcher, active expert 2. Becomes third side of therapeutic triangle 3. Works most often with parent dyad |
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Bowen Family Systems
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Symptom's Role of Family Therapy: 1. identify most vulnerable person in a triangle 2. therapist utilizes knowledge to identify participants in triangle; works to aid family in increasing their levels of differentiation |
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Bowen Family Systems
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Normal Family Development: 1. have a high level of differentiation 2. anxiety is low in the family 3. parents have differentiated from their own families of origin |
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Bowen Family Systems
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Behavioral Disorders in Family Model: 1. The higher the level of differ., the greater the flexibility & resilience in dealing with stress; lower the level of differentiation, the less stress needed to provoke symptoms 2. For stabilization in the stress-filled system, triangulation occurs a. if third party remains neutral, anxiety lessens & symptoms lessen b. if family member becomes emotionally involved, likelihood that symptom develop- meant will increase c. most vulnerable person in the triangle (usually a child) is most likely to develop symptoms & become the focus of conflict |
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Bowen Family Systems
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Key Concepts of Family Model: Eight (8) Interrelated Concepts: 1. Differentiation of Self 2. Triangles 3. Nuclear family emotional system 4. Family projection process 5. Emotional cutoff 6. Multi-generational transmission process 7. Sibling Position 8. Societal Regression |
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Differentiation of Self
(Bowen Family Systems) |
-ability to maintain a distinction intrapsychically (a distinction between rational thought & emotionality) AND interpersonally (balance between separateness & togetherness). - high level denotes ability to maintain a balance on both continuums -low level denotes a tendency toward either rationality/emotionality or separateness/togetherness. |
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Triangles (Bowen Family Systems)
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-basis building block in a family's emotional or relational system -two-person system will engage in direct communication when anxiety is low & external conditions are calm - dyad will pull in third party to reestablish stability, when tension mounts -dilutes anxiety, is more stable than a dyad, has higher tolerance for stress -typically interlocking; involve an increased number of people as tensions mounts |
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Nuclear Family Emotional System
(Bowen Family Systems) |
-manner in which anxiety is projected from individual onto the family -lower the level of different. of spouses, higher amount of emotional fusion between them -increased fusion results in: 1. overt marital conflict 2. reactive emotional distance 3. physical or emotional dysfunction 4. projection of problems onto one or more the children |
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Family Projection Process
(Bowen Family Systems) |
-process refers to the manner by which parents transmit their dysfunction to their children -transmission of undifferentiation occurs through triangulation of the most vulnerable child or children |
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Emotional Cutoff
(Bowen Family Systems) |
-extreme emotional distance between two individuals; occurs typically in a marital dyad -also accompany physical cutoff as a child attempts to deal with unresolved emotional fusion with the family of origin |
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Multi-generational Transmission Process
(Bowen Family Systems) |
-process by which severe dysfunction is a result of decreasing degrees of differentiation over several generations -as individuals choose spouses with a similar level of different. & family projection process occurs, child will attain to lower level of different. |
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Sibling Position (Bowen Family Systems)
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-belief that children develop fixed personality characteristics based on their sibling position in the family of origin
-characteristics will be layout out in the marriage in relation to the spouse's birth order |
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Societal Regression (Bowen Family Systems)
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- the emotional process of society that impacts the emotional process of the family -as society becomes more anxiety ridden, result is isomorphic with families leading to lover levels of differentiation |
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Genograms (Bowen Family Systems)
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Family Therapy Technique in which -devices are used for organizing material regarding ones family of origin - a schematic drawing listing family members, relationships, ages, dates of birth, marriages, deaths, and other significant information regarding the family and relationship dynamics |
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Process Questions (Bowen Family Systems)
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Family Model Technique in Which: -questions are used to address the patterns of interaction -questions are designed to decrease the level of reactivity & give individuals time to think about their participation in interpersonal patterns |
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Therapeutic Triangle (Bowen Family Systems)
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Family Model Technique: -triangle includes therapist -therapist remains uninvolved emotionally -discussion is channeled through therapist -technique that enables therapist to decrease the level of anxiety in sessions & to model a high level of differentiation |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy |
- systemic in nature, views patterns of interaction as being handed down from one generation to the next -change process is viewed as important with the family being given a longtime between sessions in order to attain max. amount of change -change in behavior as well as cognitions is the focus of therapy |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy
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Treatment Goals of Family Model: 1. Focus is on rules of the family game 2. Primary- aid family in making rules overt & gaining control over them. 3. Family can create a solution of their own 4. Help family understand the role of symptom in its functioning |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy
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Counselor's Role: 1. Be a participant in the family system 2. View the relationship as recursive (impacts the family as family impacts counselor) 3. Three aspects of role: a. neutrality b. promoting change through prescriptions c. making rules of the game overt 4. Remain in control of sessions without imposing expert perspective on the clients 5. Non-confrontational style & having a team approach |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy
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Symptom's Role of Family Model: 1. Family member, usually a child, will present a symptom to protect some family members. 2. Symptom serves as a function in the system in which the family organizes itself around 3. Symptom is key to determining the rules of the family game |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy
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Normal Family Development in Model: 1. model tries to avoid placing emphasis on healthy families; avoid applying preconceived models to families 2. Believe that families should have clear generational boundaries. |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy
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Behavior Disorders in Family: 1. Family game demonstrates dysfunction of family 2. Game can involve extended family & take place over a long period of time. 3. Power alliance exist across generations making up rules of the game to maintain it. |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy
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Key Concepts & Terms of Family Model: 1. Circularity 2. Hypotheses 3. Significant system 4. Positive connotation 5. Family games 6. Alliances |
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Circularity (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
-refers to the recursive nature of living systems -concept of underlying foundation for neutrality, hypothesizing, and circular questioning. |
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Hypotheses (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
explanations offered by team regarding role of the symptom in family and how family organizes around it |
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Significant System (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
-refers to the system that is organized around the presenting problem -can involve the family , school, friend, etc. |
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Positive Connotation (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
-the belief that symptoms serve a logical and purposeful function within the system |
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Family Games (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
-organizational patterns around which a family interacts -symptoms may arise when one of these patterns affects a family member in a detrimental manner |
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Alliances (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
-connections between two individuals to the exclusion of the third -can be healthy (as in two parents) or pathological (parent and child) |
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Techniques (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
1. Standard treatment includes: a. Telephone interview b. Pre-session meeting - team forms hypotheses c. Four Sessions 2. Other techniques a. prescriptions b. rituals c. positive connotation d. circular questioning e. Hypothesizing |
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Technique - Sessions One (Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
Session ? of Family Model Session: a. interview of extended family & friends b. therapist & team gather information about rules of the family game c. therapy takes break to give team time to revise hypotheses & prepare prescription d. prescription is given to family in the form of a positive connotation |
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Technique - Session Two
(Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
Session ? of Family Model
Session: a. involves only the nuclear family b. changes in family are recognized & assessment occurs on issues specific to the nuclear family c. session involves: 1. connecting phase 2. analysis phase 3. testing phase |
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Technique - Session Three
(Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
Session ? of Family Model Session: a. sessions focuses on parents alone b. assessment continues, team gives parents a prescription for change |
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Technique - Session Four
(Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
Session ? of Family Model: Session: a. session through the final session focuses on reviewing parental observations regarding the prescription & addressing responses to additional prescriptions provided by team |
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Prescriptions
(Milan Systemic Family Therapy) |
- a paradoxical injunction in which therapist directs family members to perform the symptomatic behavior -if family follow prescription, family is under control -if family does not, they give up symptom |
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Rituals - Technique (Milan Systemic Family Therapy Model) |
Technique in a Family Model: -prescriptions that engage the family in a series of actions that run counter to or exaggerate the rigid family rules or beliefs |
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Positive Connotation - Technique
(Milan Systemic Family Therapy Model) |
Technique in a Family Model: - a reframing of the symptom - therapist attributes positive motives to the symptomatic behavior -symptom serves purpose of maintaining rules of the family game |
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Circular Questioning - Technique (Milan Systemic Family Therapy Model) |
Technique in Family Model: - a process of asking questions designed to let clients see themselves in a relational context & to see that relational context from the perspective of other family members -questions are structured in a manner that one must give a relational description in the answer |
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Hypothesizing - Technique
(Milan Systemic Family Therapy Model) |
Technique of Family Model: - central to Milan model - therapist speculates about role of the symptom & the manner in which the family is organized around it - occurs before the family comes to the initial session & throughout the therapeutic process -if team does not have a hypotheses ahead of time, team may "buy into" the family's problem definition |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy |
Overview of Family Therapy - Albert Ellis & Aaron Beck - based on behavioral therapy that teaches concepts of classical condition and operant conditioning -uses operant conditioning because it addresses reinforcement in families - operant conditioning espouses that behaviors that are positively reinforced will be repeated & behaviors that are punished or ignored will be extinguished |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy
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Treatment Goals of Family Therapy: 1. eliminates undesirable behavior & increases positive behavior 2. family determines desired change in the form of a a presenting problem 3. empowers family to solve own problems through education & assistance via increased understanding 4. focuses on cognition as therapist teaches family that emotional problems are caused by irrational beliefs & by changing these distortions the overall quality of life will improve |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy
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Counselor Role of Family Model: 1. takes on directive role as expert on behavior & cognitions; models appropriate behavioral strategies for communication & conflict resolution 2. Assesses cognitive distortions of the clients & educates them on more appropriate ways to handle their thought processes |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy
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Symptom Role of Family Model: 1. symptoms are considered learned responses 2. are voluntarily acquired & reinforced. 3. symptoms are the focus of therapy 4. symptoms lead to the responses of the family members who reinforce symptomatic behavior |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy
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Normal Family Development In This Model: 1. focus of behavioral theorist is on current behavior. 2. little attention is given to past development, either normal or dysfunctional 3. good relationships are viewed as a balance of give and take 4. there are exchanges of pleasant behavior & minimal unpleasant behavior 5. communication skills are considered to be the most important feature of good relationships 6. conflict resolution is deemed vital to the maintenance of healthy relationships 7. family schemata, taught by the parent's families of origin, are applied to the marriage & to the rearing of children |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy
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Development of Behavioral Disorders: 1. develop as a result of reinforcement by family members 2. illogical beliefs & distortions are foundation of emotional distress 3. Four Ways Family's cognitions, behavior & emotions may interact and build a volatile climate: a. an individual's cognitions, behavior & emotions regarding family interactions b. actions of individual family members towards the individual c. combined reactions of several family members towards the individual d. characteristics of the relationship among other family members |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy
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Concepts of Family Model: 1. Behavioral a. operant responses (causes) b. respondent responses (effects) c. reinforcements 1. reinforcers -consequences that accelerate behavior 2. punishers - consequences that decelerate behavior d. extinction e. theory of social exchange |
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Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy
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Key Concepts of Family Therapy: 1. Family relationships, cognitions, emotions, & behavior are believed to exert mutual influence on each other 2. Family Schemata - beliefs the family members have about the family a. beliefs are formed through years of interaction among family members b. Two separate sets of schemata are maintained: 1. beliefs regarding family of origin 2. beliefs regarding how a healthy family is suppose to function in general |
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Operant Responses
(Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
-causes -responses not automatically elicited by stimuli - occurrence is affected by their consequences |
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Respondent Responses (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
-effects -responses are those under control of stimuli
-their consequences do not affect the frequency of occurrence |
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Extinction
(Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
-occurs when no reinforcement follows a response -cessation is not immediate |
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Theory of Social Exchange (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
-belief that people maximize profits & minimize costs -in a functional relationship, individual partners attempt to maximize a rewarding relationship -in a dysfunctional relationship, both partners focus on self-protection rather than maximizing the happiness of their partner |
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Reinforcements
(Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
- consequences that affect the rate of behavior, either accelerating or decelerating it. -reinforcers are consequences that accelerate behavior 1. negative reinforcers are aversive consequences 2. positive reinforcers are rewarding consequences -punishers are consequences that decelerate behavior 1. aversive control is the implementation of a negative reinforcer such as spanking 2. Withdrawal of positive consequences refers to the absence of positive reinforcers |
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Shaping (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
-operant technique that occurs when there is a deliberate attempt to create a new response |
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Contingency Contracts (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
- a contract that involves the parents agreeing to make certain changes if a child makes certain agreed upon changes |
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Contingency Management (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
- management that consists in giving or taking away rewards or punishments based on the behavior of a child |
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Token Economies (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
- utilizes a system of stars or points to reward a child for successful behavior |
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Respondent Conditioning (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
- involves modification of physiological responses - can include desensitization, assertiveness training, aversion and sex therapy |
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Cognitive Affective Techniques (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
1. thought-stopping 2. rational emotional emphasis |
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Thought-Stopping (Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
- involves the raising of awareness of automatic thoughts with intent of gaining control over them
- client is taught to replace these thoughts with more balanced cognitions |
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Rational Emotional Emphasis
(Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy) |
- helps family members see how illogical beliefs & distortions serve as the foundation of their emotional distress
- as individuals address distortions, the emotional intensity that they experience with them will decrease |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy |
- DeShazer & Berg - model based on the belief that when the focus is drawn to exceptions or solutions to problems, change is more likely - problem cause is de-emphasized & therapy tends to be brief and goal-focused |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy |
Treatment Goals of Family Therapy Model: 1. help clients resolve their complaint by hep them change their focus 2. leads to a different perspective & a greater level of satisfaction with their lives 3. therapist believes this perspective becomes apparent once clients begin moving toward their desired goal 4. necessary for goals to be determined early in therapy |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy
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Counselor's Role in Family Model: 1. viewed as a partner in the therapeutic process 2. although directive regarding the shift in focus, family is viewed as the experts of their situation 3. emphasizes exceptions and solutions in a warm, caring manner 4. change is expected and therapy is brief |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy
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Role of Symptom in Family Model:
1. symptom or complaint is what brings family to therapy 2. used to enable the family to focus on when the complaint does not occur and the times the family is successful 3. even though symptom is incorporated into goal formulation, it is de-emphasized as family shifts focus to solutions |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy
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Normal Family Development of Model: 1. families are not viewed as functional or dysfunctional 2. therapist belief in multiple realities inhibits him/her from imposing one's perspective of what is normal 3. therapist is interested in language & the way language is utilized to provide a description of the complaint or problem. |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy
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Behavior Disorders in Family Model: 1. therapist only focus on how families are effective rather than on what they are doing wrong 2. solutions to problems are viewed as separate from problem formation 3. it is necessary, however, to determine causality |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy
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Key Concepts of this Family Model 1. Focus on solutions 2. Death of resistance 3. Complaint 4. Client types a. visitors b. complainants c. customers 5. Therapeutic fit 6. Small change leads to large change 7. Constructivism |
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Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy
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-focus on solutions shifts attention from the problem to the solution -this can take the form of addressing attempted solutions that do not work, but primarily helps clients have a future-oriented focus on what can be done rather than what one does not want to do |
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Death of Resistance (Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-belief that there is no resistance
-clients want to change -what therapists may view as resistance is in reality communication regarding what works and what does not work -therapy is collaborative & flexible to deal with each client type |
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Complaint
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
- considered to be the presenting problem |
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Client Types
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
1. Visitors- in therapy bc someone has brought them or it is mandated; have no complaints & are welcome but not given an assignment 2. Complainants- expect a solution for complaint, but do not believe they need to change; are typically given an observation assignment 3. Customers- clients with complaints & are prepared to change; goal of all clients is to have them move to this frame of mind
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Therapeutic Fit
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-refers to the joining process of therapy
-therapist communicates understanding of the complaint in a nonjudgmental manner |
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Small Change Leads to Big Change (Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
- belief that a small change in the system is all that is needed to enable a client to reach his/her goals - change occurs quickly once initiated |
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Constructivism (Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
- the belief in multiple realities & that these realities are co-created; language shapes reality - therapeutic process enables the client to envision multiple solutions, none of which is more correct than another |
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Negotiation of Goals (Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-technique that emphasizes the belief that clients want to change and that if they have a clear, attainable goal, they will move toward it |
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Exceptions
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-technique therapist uses to direct the attention of the client toward times when the problem does not take place in hopes of encouraging more frequent exception-oriented thinking |
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Formula First Session Task
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-technique in which the client is asked to observe the exceptions or what happens in his/her relationship that he/she wants to continue -task is a homework assignment given in the first session |
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The Miracle Question
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-technique therapist uses to ask a question for the purpose of clarifying goals the client want to achieve -client is asked to imagine is he/she was sleeping and a miracle happened and the problem would be solved - client is asked to describe what would be different |
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Scaling Question
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-technique therapist uses to ask a question to aid in clarification of ambiguous goals or feelings. -using likert scale to describe feelings- "on a scale from 1-10" - "what would move you from 2 to 3" |
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Coping Question
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-technique therapist uses to focus on the strengths of the client -therapist asks the client what he/she has done to be able to cope with the problem -as client answers, therapist notes the strengths the client describes |
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Normalizing
(Brief Solution Focused Family Therapy) |
-technique therapist uses to aid the client in understanding that others experience what he/she is experiencing -aids the client in perceiving that he/she is normal rather than pathological or hopeless |
