Exsc 460 Exam 2

Front 1

Stages of gait:

Back 1

Swing
-Preswing
-Midswing
Stance
-Terminal stance
-Midstance

Front 2

What percent of gait is swing and stance?

Back 2

40, 60

Front 3

Mid-stance involves which motion of the foot?

Back 3

Plantar flexion

Front 4

Patterns of gait during running:

Back 4

Swing
Contact
Flight/Float

Front 5

The interval in the gait cycle between initial contact with one foot and then the other foot. (right then left)

Back 5

Step

Front 6

The interval in the gait cycle between two sequential initial contacts with the same foot. (right to right)

Back 6

Stride

Front 7

Average degree of toe out

Back 7

About 7 degrees

Front 8

During gait the cycle the pelvis has a(n) ______ tilt of around ___ degrees.

Back 8

anterior, 8

Front 9

In which plane can a rise in each hemipelvis be seen during gait?

Back 9

Frontal

Front 10

During gait, the pelvis moves ____ 1-2 inches and _____ about 2 inches

Back 10

laterally, vertically

Front 11

Does a decrease in hip flexion or extension affect gait the most?

Back 11

Extension

Front 12

Ankle (talocrural) joint kinematics are characterized by three rockers:

Back 12

- First: plantar flexion immediately on contact
- Second: dorsiflexion during early-mid stance phase
- Third: sudden plantar flexion prior to toe-off
- The first and second rockers are designed to absorb more of the energy (shock) of landing, while the third provides much of the energy used to propel the leg forwards into swing (push-off).

Front 13

3 rockers in gait:

Back 13

Heel
Ankle
Forefoot

Front 14

During the heel rocker phase of gait the tibialis anterior and quadriceps are both active in which type of contraction?

Back 14

Eccentric and Concentric

Front 15

Which are primarily active during the ankle rocker stage of gait?

Back 15

Gastrocnemius and soleus in eccentric contraction

Front 16

Which muscles are primarily active during the forefoot heel rocker of gait?

Back 16

Gastrocnemius and soleus in eccentric contraction

Front 17

During heel strike the sub-talar joint is in which position?

Back 17

Supination

Front 18

During mid-stance of gait the sub-talar joint is in which position

Back 18

Pronation

Front 19

During toe-off of gait the sub-talar joint is in which position?

Back 19

Supination

Front 20

During this gait pattern the person leans backward to compensate for weak hip extensors

Back 20

Gluteus Maxiumus

Front 21

During this type of gait the person will rotate the limb externally and use the hip abductors to achieve swing-through

Back 21

Hip Flexor Gait

Front 22

During this type of gait the person will limp or change posture to avoid pain

Back 22

Antalgic Gait

Front 23

Gait which involves stiffness, laxity, or deformity

Back 23

Arthogenic

Front 24

Gait which produces knee extension during swing and keeps the knee stable after heel contact by controlling the knee flexion

Back 24

Quadriceps Gait

Front 25

Gait that involves weak tibialis anterior

Back 25

Slap Foot Gait

Front 26

Gait involving poor sensation or lack of muscle coordination

Back 26

Ataxic Gait

Front 27

Gait involving shuffling or rapid short steps, the neck and trunk and knees are flexed

Back 27

Parkinsons Gait

Front 28

Natural curves that occur in the thoracic and sacral spine

Back 28

Kyphotic

Front 29

Curve that is concave anteriorly, curve that is convex anteriorly.

Back 29

kyphotic, lordotic

Front 30

Normal curve of the:
cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis

Back 30

cervical: 20-40 degrees
thoracic: 20-40 degrees
lumbar: 40-60 degrees
sacral: fuse in kyphotic curve

Front 31

Purpose of the spine:

Back 31

Provide movement
Provide support
Provide control
Protect vital organs
Information highway and immediate processing center

Front 32

4 general steps of rehabilitation:

Back 32

1. Reduce the pain
2. Lengthen shortened muscles
3. Restore ROM
4. Strengthen muscles

Front 33

Movements of the spine:

Back 33

flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation

Front 34

Injury to the nerve roots is referred to as:

Back 34

Radiculopathy

Front 35

Injury to the spinal cord is referred to as:

Back 35

Myelopathy

Front 36

What provides nerve root innervation to the skin?

Back 36

Dermatome

Front 37

What provides nerve root innervation to the muscles?

Back 37

Myotome

Front 38

A condition of limited neck motion in which the child will hold the head to one side with the chin pointing to the opposite side; usually due to tight sternocleidomastoid

Back 38

Torticollis

Front 39

Condition where there is intervertebral disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis. Pain can be bilateral or unilateral.

Back 39

Stenosis

Front 40

Treatment of Stenosis

Back 40

Rest
Anti-inflammatory
Therapy to increase strength and flexibility
Surgery to widen spinal canal

Front 41

Condition where articulating cartilage of facet joints breaks and bone spurs form in place of missing cartilage

Back 41

Facet Syndrome

Front 42

Lordosis is associated with a ______ tilt of pelvis, which kyphosis is associated with a ______ tilt of the pelvis

Back 42

Anterior
Posterior

Front 43

Which muscles would be tight with lumbar lordosis?

Back 43

lower back

Front 44

A sagging stomach is known as which condition?

Back 44

Abdominal Ptosis

Front 45

Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of more than _______ degrees and requires surgery at about ______ degrees

Back 45

10, 50

Front 46

Test used to screen for scoliosis:

Back 46

Adam's Test

Front 47

During scoliosis, which side of the curve has more space?

Back 47

Concave

Front 48

Inward movement of the sternum which can displace the heart, affect respiration, and lead to kyphosis

Back 48

Pectus Excavatum

Front 49

Outward and downward projection of the sternum that can impair the effectiveness of breathing by restricting ventilation volume

Back 49

Pectus Carinatum

Front 50

Sternum projects forward and upward

Back 50

Barrel Chest

Front 51

The 1st Law of Fryette states:

Back 51

If the spine is in a erect neutral or mid-range position, then lateral flexion (side bending) and rotation occur in opposite directions
“Neutral Mechanics”

Front 52

The 2nd Law of Fryette states:

Back 52

- If spine is in a flexed or extended position, lateral flexion and rotation occur in the same direction.
- “Non-neutral mechanics”
- This occurs when there is alteration in th anteroposterior curve into forward flexion or backward bending

Front 53

The 3rd Law of Fryette states:

Back 53

If a segment of the spine is moved into any of the cardinal planes of motion, available motion in the other two planes is reduced.

Front 54

The 4 stages of herniation

Back 54

Protrusion
Prolapse
Extrusion
Sequestration

Front 55

What does the standing flexion test indicate?

Back 55

It indicates proper and equal movement of the hips.

Front 56

What does the sitting flexion test indicate?

Back 56

It indicates which joint is affected, the affected side will be lower

Front 57

What does the Gillet's/Stork test indicate?

Back 57

If the SI joint on the side which the knee is flexed moves minimally or up, the joint is said to be hypomobile or blocked

Front 58

What does the pen mark test indicate?

Back 58

When externally rotated, the leg should lengthen, and internal rotation should cause the leg to shorten. If not, then tightness, or impingement is occuring

Front 59

What does the supine to sit test indicate?

Back 59

If one leg moves up more than the other, functional leg length difference is expected.

Front 60

What does the SLR and bow tests indicate?

Back 60

Pain before 70 degrees indicates SI joint problems.
Pain before 35 degrees indicates nerve problems

Front 61

What does the slump test indicate?

Back 61

It indicates increase tension in the neuromeningeal tract and possible lesions.

Front 62

In what location or direction do most disc herniations occur?

Back 62

Posteriolateral in the lumbar spine, usually L4-L5 or L5-S1

Front 63

What is a Schmorl's node?

Back 63

Where the nucleus is protruding into the vertebral body through fissures in the vertebral end-plates

Front 64

What is spondylosis?

Back 64

Degenerative disorder that may cause loss of normal spinal structure and function

Front 65

What is spondylolysis?

Back 65

Defect in pars interarticularis

Front 66

What is spondylolysthesis?

Back 66

Improper forward movement of the vertebrae

Front 67

What influence to the abs have on the spine?

Back 67

Stabilize lumbar spine via the internal oblique and transverse abdominis

Front 68

Predominance flexion of upper extremity and extension and IR of lower extremity is what?

Back 68

Hemiplegic GAIT

Front 69

During heel rocker, which muscle is active and which type of contraction is it?

Back 69

Tibialis Anterior- eccentric

Front 70

During mid-stance of GAIT, how flexed is the knee?

Back 70

20 Degrees

Front 71

During loading response into mid-stance, which movement in the sagittal plane is resistance tending to cause?

Back 71

None

Front 72

What muscle is active in the sagittal plane during initial swing at the hip?

Back 72

Iliopsoas