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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the word and chemical equations for Cellular Respiration? |
Aerobic Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O Anaerobic Respiration: Glucose > Lactic Acid |
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What are the word and chemical equations for Photosynthesis? |
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light > Glucose + Oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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What is ATP? |
Adenosine Triphosphate (Adenine + Ribose + 3 x Phosphates) |
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What is ADP? |
Adenosine Diphosphate (Adenine + Ribose + 2 x Phosphates) |
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How do ATP molecules become ADP? |
When a cell needs energy the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates becoming ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate). Energy holding the cell is then released and able to do work for the cell. This occurs at the end of the Electron Transport Chain. |
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What are the stages of Cellular Respiration? |
1. Glycolysis 2. The Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain |
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What occurs during glycolysis? |
Occurs in the cytoplasm and with an input of 2 ATP's uses enzymes to breakdown glucose's 6-carbon-ring into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate. As well as generation 4 ATP's (with a NET gain of 2 ATP's) and 2 NADH's to be used in the Electron Transport Chain (ECT). |
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What occurs during fermentation? |
Fermentation is glycolysis with the absence of oxygen or anaerobic respiration. If cell needs NAD+ to keep glycolysis going. Fermentation frees up the NAD+ to create ethanol (alcohol) or lactic acid (in humans). Muscles with have used up all the oxygen need to kick into anaerobic respiration to make energy where lactic acid builds up in the muscles. |
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What occurs during the Krebs Cycle? |
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and uses to products of glycolysis to create 2 ATP's and energy in the form of NAD+ and FAD to be used later. One of the pyruvate is oxidised and binds with a carbon form the 3-carbon-chain, leaving the cell as CO2, with a two carbon compound called acetyl left over. Then NAD+ picks up hydrogen and becomes NADH. With an input of 2 Pyruvate's, 2 NADH molecules are created (to be used in the ETC). Enzymes help join phosphate and ADP to create 2 ATP's, as well as joining the acetyl with the 4-carbon molecule to create the 6-carbon molecule called citric acid. Leftovers of CO2 is then exhaled. When carbon comes of citric acid, energy is made in the from of NAD+ and FAD (enzymes that hold onto electrons to be released in the ETC). They pick up hydrogen and electrons the molecules into NADH and FADH2. each pyruvate produces 3 NADH's and and FADH2 so each glucose molecules makes 6 NADH's and 2 FADH2's. |
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What occurs during the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)? |
The electrons from the NADH and FADH2's made in the Krebs Cycle provide the energy needed for ATP synthesis through oxidisation. The energy needed they loose is used to add a phosphate to ADP to make ATP. By moving protons (H+) from one side of the membrane it causes a high concentration gradient (uneven balance) on the other side. As protons move back across the membrane through a protein called the ATP synthase which binds ADP and phosphates together to form ATP molecules. Each NADH (10 in total) can produce another 3 ATP's each and the FADH's produce 2 ATP's each resulting in roughly 32 ATP's and 38 after all three stages of cellular respiration. |
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What occurs during the light independent phase of photosynthesis? |
Light absorbed (photons) in the thylakoid membrane excites electrons which are then passed from photosystem ll (PSll) to an electron transport chain (ETC). Electrons lost in PSll are replaced by in process called photolysis which involves the oxidisation or splitting of a water molecule which produces free electrons to be used and oxygen as a byproduct. When electron are passed through the ETC the energy lost is used to pump H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid, creating a concentration gradient. As H+ ions flow down the gradient into the stroma, they pass through the ATP synthase driving the production of ATP. The electrons going through the ETC eventually reach PSll and combine with NADP+ to make NADPH (to be used later). |
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What occurs during the light dependent phase of photosynthesis? (calvin cycle) |
A CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon molecule (RuBP) and the new unstable six-carbon molecule splits to form two three-carbon compounds (3-PGA). Through an extended process using ATP and NADPH from the light dependant phase it would take six turns of the cycle, using: 6 CO2, 18 ATP and 12 NADH to produce one molecule of glucose. |
