Exam 5

Front 1

What are primary and secondary emotions?

Back 1

Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based, usually thought to include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt

Front 2

What evidence is there that facial expressions of primary emotions have a universal quality?

Back 2

Even members of remote cultures can recognize facial expressions in people who are foreign to them.

Front 3

Describe three proposed functions of facial expressions?

Back 3

they help babies to recognize parental expression and adjust behavior accordingly.

Helps you detect when someone is faking it

detect someone's mood

Front 4

How does the amygdala play a role in the experience of emotions? Cereberal Cortex?

Back 4

Responsible for assessing danger or threat (alarm)

The cerebral cortex creates a more complex picture, overrides signal sent from the amygdala. (Thats just john trying to scare me

Front 5

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal gland to release what two hormones to produce a state of arousal and alertness?

Back 5

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 6

Research by Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) demonstrated that Olympic athletes differed depending on which medal they received. Explain how they differed?

Back 6

The ones who took gold were estatic, the one who took bronze was more satisfied because "at least they made it" the silver felt like "if only"

Counterfactual thinking

Front 7

Who is likely to engage in emotion work as a requirement of a job or social status?

Back 7

Women

Front 8

What are mirror nuerons?

Back 8

Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action; they are involved in empathy, imitation, and reading emotions.
May help us to recognize others’ intentions and are involved in emotional contagion
The

Front 9

What are display rules?

Back 9

When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelched

Front 10

What overall conclusion can be drawn regarding the question, “Which sex is more emotional

Back 10

Both men and women are both on the same emotional level

Front 11

What brain structure signals endocrine glands to release hormones during the stress response?

Back 11

Adrenal Medulla

Front 12

What are four common sources of stress?

Back 12

Work-related problems
Noise
Bereavement and loss
Poverty, powerlessness, and low status.

Front 13

What are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome

Back 13

General Adaptation Syndrome
•Alarm
•Resistance
•Exhaustion
Goal is to minimize wear and tear on system.

Front 14

What is the key “stress” hormone released by the adrenal cortex? What does this hormone do in the short term to permit adaptive responses? What are potential consequences if this hormone is elevated chronically?

Back 14

Cortisol, helps the body sustain prolonged activity, elevates blood sugar levels and increase metabolism. Glucose is the main source for the brain to function

Front 15

\What is locus of control? Describe internal and external locus of control.

Back 15

A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus)
Feelings of control can reduce or even eliminate the relationship between stressors and health.

Front 16

What are some examples of how a sense of control confers health benefits to an individual?

Back 16

Low-income individuals with high levels of control report similar quality of life to high-income individuals.
Managers and executives have fewer illnesses.
African-Americans reporting more control have fewer problems with hypertension.
Nursing home residents with greater control are more alert, happier, and live longer.

Front 17

What is the distinction between primary control and secondary control?

Back 17

Primary control: an effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events
A “fighting back” philosophy
Western cultures
Secondary control: an effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions
A “learn to live with it” philosophy

Front 18

According to your textbook, how do confession, forgiveness, and optimism contribute to improved health?

Back 18

***

Front 19

What are some effective cognitive coping strategies?

Back 19

Reappraising the situation
Learning from the experience
Making social comparisons
Cultivating a sense of humor

Front 20

Abnormal Behavior

Back 20

Any behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive; seriously impairs the person’s ability to work or get along with others; or endangers others or the community

Front 21

Insanity

Back 21

`a legal term, not psychological. For defendants who were mentally disturbed when they committed there offense

Front 22

Mental Disorder

Back 22

Any behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive; seriously impairs the person’s ability to work or get along with others; or endangers others or the community

Front 23

Three models used for defining mental disorders

Back 23

Biological, social, cognitive, stress

Front 24

What is DSM? The aim of DSM? The DSM classifies disorders on five what?

Back 24

The standard reference manual used to diagnose mental disorders.

The aim is to descriptive: to provide clear diagnostic categories for clinicians to chose from.

Axis

Front 25

What are the four limitations of the DSM?

Back 25

-The danger of over-diagnosis
-The power of diagnostic labels
-Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
-The illusion of objectivity and universality

Front 26

What type of test is the Rochact Test? MMPI?

Back 26

-A projective personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots
-objective;;;;Most widely used personality instrument Clinical and employment settings. Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, suggest a problem

Front 27

Which test has better validity, reliability?

Back 27

objective MMPI

Front 28

What do the terms prevalence and incidence refer to concerning psychological (or other) disorders?

Back 28

***

Front 29

General Anxiety disorder

Back 29

feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension

Front 30

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Back 30

a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal

Front 31

Panic Disorder

Back 31

a person experiences recurring panic attacks, Rapid breathing and dizziness

Front 32

Social phobia
Agrophobia?

Back 32

-Having fear of situations that involve being judged or scrutinized, such as parties or social events

-A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person. (The Brave One)

Front 33

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Back 33

An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety

Person understands that the ritual behavior is senseless but guilt mounts if the behavior is not performed.

Front 34

The vulnerability-stress model of mental disorders

Back 34

A persons vulnerability to interact with stressful events.

Front 35

Unipolar depression (Major Depressive Disorder) & Symptoms

Back 35

A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite)

Front 36

Biological theories about Unipolar Depression

Back 36

-Studies of adopted children support genetic explanations of depression

-Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a gene that is present in either a long or short form.

Front 37

Social and Cognitive issues about Unipolar

Back 37

-Loss of or problems with important relationships

-Psychologists investigating sex differences in depression have ruled out hormones and genetics and are now investigating life circumstances.

-Women are less satisfied with work and family and more likely to live in poverty

COGNITIVE-Depressed people believe their situation is permanent, uncontrollable.

Front 38

Bipolar/Manic Disorder: i. Mood alternates between _____ and _____ episodes

Back 38

Mania and Depression

Front 39

Personality disorders in general

Back 39

Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others

Front 40

Paranoid personality disorder

Back 40

Characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy

Front 41

Narcissistic personality disorder

Back 41

Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption
chapter 11

Front 42

Antisocial personality disorder

Back 42

Characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive, restless acts

Front 43

psychopathy

Back 43

Characterized by a lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety, and other social emotions; the use of deceit and manipulation, and impulsive thrill seeking
Heartlessness and conniving charm

Front 44

What is the biological model of addiction?

Back 44

holds that addiction is due primarily to a person’s biochemistry, metabolism, and genetic predisposition.

Front 45

The neurotransmitter pathway involving ______ is targeted by most addictive drugs.

Back 45

***

Front 46

Presently, what is the most reasonable conclusion about the role of genes in alcoholism

Back 46

people lacking gene for enzyme that metabolizes alcohol less likely to become addicted
Learning,

Front 47

What is dissociative identity disorder? What are the two opposing views of the disorder?

Back 47

-Also known as the Mulitple Personality disorder. A disorder marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits

1. MPD is common but often unrecognized as such.
Starts in childhood as a means of coping, Trauma produced a mental splitting.
2. Created through pressure and suggestion by clinicians; Handfuls to ten thousand since 1980

Front 48

What is schizophrenia?

Back 48

cases in which the personality loses its unity. words are split from meaning, actions from motives.

Front 49

Positive/Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

Back 49

Positive: Bizarre delusions, hallucinations

Negative: Blank looks, disorganized speech

Front 50

Genetic predisposition of Schizophrenia

Back 50

Identical twin: great risk of development
one parent: have a lifetime risk 7 to 12%
Two parents: have a 27-46%
General population: 1%

Front 51

Key brain structure abnormalities w/ schizophrenia

Back 51

-reduced gray matter
-hippocampus, thalamus messed up
-enlargement of ventricles
-spaces in brain

Front 52

Key neurotransmitter abnormalities.w/ schizophrenia

Back 52

their would be disruption in communicating between the neurons in areas involving cognitive functioning, memory, and decision making.

Front 53

What are four general classes of drugs used to treat psychological disorders?

Back 53

anti-psychotic, antidepressant, anti-anxiety, lithium carbonate

Front 54

Many antipsychotics are designed to block or reduce the sensitivity of brain receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter __________.

Back 54

Dopamine

Front 55

Antipsychotics are generally effective for ______ symptoms of schizophrenia, but not for _______ symptoms.

Back 55

positive, negative

Front 56

Many antidepressants boost levels of norepinephrine and/or ____________. In particular, SSRIs increase availability of the latter neurotransmitter.

Back 56

serotonin levels

Front 57

Tranquilizers, such as Valium and Xanax, increase the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA. What effect does this have on neural activity?

Back 57

its not long term treatment so the neural activity will not be affected well.

Front 58

What are four cautions regarding drug treatments for psychological disorders?

Back 58

-There may be short term success
-More likely to relapse
-Dosage varies by gender, age
-can be fatal if taken for many years

Front 59

What are the main differences between psychosurgery and electroconvulsive therapy

Back 59

ECT is only for major depressions
Pyschosurgery destroys the place that has the strange behavior

Front 60

What are the basic principles of psychodynamic therapy?

Back 60

Psychoanalysis
A method of psychotherapy developed by Freud, emphasizes the exploration of unconscious motives and conflicts
Free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely whatever comes to mind
Transference
In psychodynamic therapies, a critical step in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions, such as conflicts with parents, onto the therapist

Front 61

What are four main techniques of behavioral therapy?

Back 61

Exposure therapy, Systematic desensitization: counter conditioning, Behavioral self-monitoring, Skills training

Front 62

What do behavioral and cognitive therapies generally focus on in the treatment of psychological disorders?

Back 62

They both try to help people change problematic behaviors

Front 63

Why are client-centered therapy and existentialist therapy both representatives of the humanist approach to treatment?

Back 63

because they both try to help the clients realize that our lives are not determined by our past.We have the power and free will to choose our own destinies.

Front 64

What evidence is there that therapy helps alleviate psychological disorders? Which therapy for which disorder?

Back 64

Depression-Cognitive
Suicide-Cognitive
post traumatic and phobias -exposure techniques
panic, anxiety, and ocd- Cognitive
Health- Both
Relapses-Both