Exam 3 Study Guide

Front 1

How are excretion and defecation alike?

Back 1

Both eliminate waste from the body

Front 2

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Back 2

Excrete waste, water-salt balance, reabsorption of salt and water from the cortical portions of the nephron, reabsorption of salt and water from the medulary portions of the nephron, interaction of renin, aldosterone and ANH, diuretics, acid base balance of body fluids, acid base buffer system, kidneys

Front 3

What are the metabolic wastes found in urine?

Back 3

Nitrogenous waste, I.e., urea creating, amonium and uric acid

Front 4

Where is urine stored?

Back 4

The bladder

Front 5

How many openings are in the urinary bladder?

Back 5

3 openings. 2 for the uterus and 1 for the urethra

Front 6

What are the regions of the kidney?

Back 6

1. Renal Cortex- outer granulated layer

2. Renal Medulla- cone shaped renal masses

3. Renal Pelvis- a central cavity or cavity continuous with the uretur

Front 7

What does the renal pelvis connect to?

Back 7

The ureter

Front 8

List the parts of the nephron

Back 8

Glomerula Capsule- closed end pushed in on itself

Proximal Convulted Tubule- numerous microvili

Loop of Nephron- simple squamous epithelium as tube narrows and makes a U- Turn

Distal Convulted Tubule- numerous mitochondria

Collecting Ducts- Carry urine to the renal pelvis

Front 9

Describe the structure of the glomerular capsule

Back 9

A cartilaginous, fatty, fibrous, or membranous structure enveloping another structure

Front 10

Where are the podocytes found?

Back 10

Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around the glomerulus

Front 11

What does the glomerulus NOT filter out?

Back 11

Large molecules and formed elements

Front 12

What two ways are substances removed from the blood and added to urine?

Back 12

Tubular secretion and Glomelular filtration

Front 13

Why does glucose appear in diabetic urine?

Back 13

Body doesn't produce or doesn't respond to insulin, cells do not absorb glucose from your blood so it stays in the urine.

Front 14

What hormones regulate water and sodium reabsorption?

Back 14

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) from the posterior petuitary acts on the kidney to promote water reabsorption.

Aldosterone from the adrenal gland acts on the kidney to promote sodium reabsorption.

Front 15

What is the normal pH of the blood?

Back 15

7.4

Front 16

What is the function of the rib cage, vertebral column, and skull?

Back 16

Skull- protects the brain

Vertebral column- posture

Rib cage- protects the heart and lungs

Front 17

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Back 17

Supports the body, protects the soft body parts, produces blood cells, stores minerals, allows movement by attaching muscles.

Front 18

Why are the leg bones extremely strong?

Back 18

They need to support large amounts of weight and withstand pressure, twisting, and other forces.

Front 19

In what type of bone are trabeculae found?

Back 19

Long bones.

Front 20

What are lacunae and canaliculi?

Back 20

Lacunae- little spaces where bone cells are trapped

Canaliculi- canals connecting the lacunae

Front 21

Osteocytes

Back 21

Bone cells

Front 22

Chondrocytes

Back 22

A cell that has secreted from the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it.

Front 23

What type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones?

Back 23

Hyaline cartilage

Front 24

What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis?

Back 24

Elastic cartilage

Front 25

Relationship of osteocytes and osteoblasts.

Back 25

Osteocytes are made by osteoblasts.

Front 26

What type of ossification forms flat bones and the skull?

Back 26

Intramembraneous ossification

Front 27

Steps and order of bone repair

Back 27

1. Formation or hemotoma at the break(blood clots)

2. Formation of fibrocartilagenous callus

3. Formation of bony callus

4. Remodeling and addition of compact bone

Front 28

How long does the callus last in bone repair?

Back 28

2 to 3 months

Front 29

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

Back 29

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage.

Front 30

What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?

Back 30

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs.

Front 31

How many vertebrae are there?

Back 31

33

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 fused sacrum

4 fused into tailbone cocyx

Front 32

What is the name of the tailbone?

Back 32

Coxal bone

Front 33

Which muscle tissue is multinucleated?

Back 33

Skeletal

Front 34

What muscle tissue is voluntary?

Back 34

Skeletal.

Front 35

What junctions are found in intercalated disks?

Back 35

Gap junctions

Front 36

Which muscle tissue is not striated?

Back 36

Smooth

Front 37

What attatches muscle to bone?

Back 37

Tendon.

Front 38

What is the shape of the deltoid muscle?

Back 38

Triangular

Front 39

What muscle causes winking and blinking?

Back 39

Fast-twitch fibers.

Front 40

What is the largest muscle in the body?

Back 40

Gluteus maximus

Front 41

What does sarco mean?

Back 41

Combining form

Front 42

What long filaments make up muscle fibers?

Back 42

Thick and thin filaments

Front 43

What ion causes muscle contraction?

Back 43

Acetylcholine

Front 44

What energy molecule supplies the energy for muscle contraction?

Back 44

ATP

Front 45

Describe what happens when troponin binds to Ca2+?

Back 45

Active sites on the myosin are exposed, myosin shortens, tropomyosin moves into groove between helical actin strands, actin heads bind to myosin, bridge is formed

Front 46

Why are slow twitch muscles dark?

Back 46

More capillaries and more myoglobin in cells.

Front 47

What is the difference between a spasm, sprain, and strain?

Back 47

Spasm- sudden involuntary movement contractions that are usually painful

Sprain- stretching or tearing of a muscle

Strain- twisting of a joint involving muscles, ligaments, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves.

Front 48

What hard tissue protects the CNS?

Back 48

The bones of the skull and spinal column.

Front 49

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Back 49

Communication between cells

Front 50

What are the types of neurons?

Back 50

Sensory, interneuron, motor.

Front 51

Are the Schwann cells associated with the CNS or the PNS

Back 51

PNS

Front 52

Why is the outside of the neuron positively charged?

Back 52

Because there is salt surrounding it.

Front 53

What is depolarization?

Back 53

Sudden change within a cell during which the cell undergoes a dramatic electrical change.

Front 54

How fast is action potential?

Back 54

100 milliseconds

Front 55

What is the largest part of the brain?

Back 55

Cerebrum

Front 56

What sense DOESN'T the thalamus recieve?

Back 56

Smell

Front 57

What is Wernicke's area?

Back 57

Region of the brain concerned with comprehension of language and speach

Front 58

What are the lobes of the Cerebrum?

Back 58

Frontal lobe- motor area and concious thought

Temporal lobe- sight, smell, and sound

Parietal lobe- somato sensory and taste area

Accipital lobe- primary visual area

Front 59

What are the parts and functions of the limbic system?

Back 59

Joins primitive emotions with higher functions such as reasoning

Amygdala- emotional overtones

Hippocampus- important to learning and memory

Front 60

What are the steps in the reflex arc?

Back 60

Stimulus arrives and receptor activstes, sensory neuron activates, info processing, motor neuron processing, response effector

Front 61

What are the types of cutaneous receptors?

Back 61

Touch, pressure, pain and temp

Front 62

What type of receptors detect stimuli from outside the body?

Back 62

Exteraceptors

Front 63

Where are the taste buds located?

Back 63

Tongue

Front 64

What are the five tastes?

Back 64

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

Front 65

What flavor is umami?

Back 65

Savory

Front 66

Where are gustatory receptors located?

Back 66

Tongue

Front 67

What is the transparent portion of the eye called?

Back 67

Cornea

Front 68

What is the blind spot?

Back 68

Where the optic nerve attaches; lacks photo receptors

Front 69

What colors are seen by the cone cells?

Back 69

Red green and blue

Front 70

The cartilaginous structure that surrounds the outside of the ear is called what?

Back 70

Pinna

Front 71

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

Back 71

Membrane that vibrates to carry sound waves to the bones

Front 72

What are the functions of tears?

Back 72

Wets the cornea, supply nutrients, flush away waste, and protects

Front 73

The sense of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors located whrre?

Back 73

Cochlea

Front 74

What are the types of hormones?

Back 74

Prostaglandins

Pheromones

Peptide hormones

Steroid hormones

Front 75

Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

Back 75

Exo- secrete their products and ducts that carry these products to other organs outside the body

Endo- secrete their products directly into the blood stream

Front 76

What are the endocrine glands?

Back 76

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary gland

Anterior petuitary gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Pacreas, testes, ovaries, thymus

Pineal gland

Front 77

What are exocrine glands?

Back 77

Sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous

Front 78

What element is necessary for proper thyroid function?

Back 78

Iodine

Front 79

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

Back 79

Thyroid- stimulating hormone, adrenocortotropic hormone, gonadatropic hormone, prolactin, melanocyte, stimulating hormone, growth hormome,

Front 80

What is acromegaly?

Back 80

Over production of GH as an adult; larger hands and feet

Front 81

What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

Back 81

Medulla- pinephrine and norepinephrine

Cortex- glucocortoids and mineral cocortoids

Front 82

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 82

In the front of the neck below the Adams apple

Front 83

What hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose?

Back 83

Insulin

Front 84

What gland produces melatonin?

Back 84

Pineal gland

Front 85

What is the function of melatonin?

Back 85

Modulation of sleep patterns in both seasonal and circadium rhythms

Front 86

Back 86

Smooth muscle

Front 87

Back 87

Neuron

Front 88

Back 88

Hyaline cartilage

Front 89

Back 89

Skeletal muscle

Front 90

Back 90

Bone

Front 91

Back 91

Kidney