Exam 2-More Info

Front 1

What is the RDA for Niacin (Vit B3)

Back 1

14 mg, 16 mg

Front 2

Main coenzyme for pantothenic acid?

Back 2

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Front 3

Niacin deficiency

Back 3

pellegra

Front 4

pantothenic acid function

Back 4

acyl transfer reactions

Front 5

biotin functions

Back 5

co2 transfer and carboxylation rxns

Front 6

vit B6 main coenzyme

Back 6

PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)

Front 7

Vit B6 functions

Back 7

transamination and decarboxylation rxns, decreases blood homocysteine

Front 8

Vit B6 RDA

Back 8

1.3 mg

Front 9

folic acid main coenzyme

Back 9

derivatives of tetrahrdrofolic acid (THF)

Front 10

folic acid functions

Back 10

one-carbon transfer rxns, purine and pyramidine synthesis (cell replication), and lowers blood homocysteine

Front 11

folic acid deficiency

Back 11

megaloblastic anemia

Front 12

Vit B12 main coenzymes

Back 12

methly cobalamin, adenosyl cobalamin (cobalamides)

Front 13

Vit B12 functions

Back 13

1. methylation of homocysteine to methionine (a.a. metabolism-activation of folic acid. lowers blood homocysteine, methylcobalamin is produced)

2. conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA (f.a. metabolism-involves proprionic acid breakdown, used for B12, BCH assessment)

Front 14

Vit B12 deficiency

Back 14

megaloblastic anemia, degeneration of peripheral nerves

Front 15

Vit B12 RDA

Back 15

2.4 micrograms

Front 16

Vit C reduced name

Back 16

Ascorbic Acid

Front 17

Vit C oxidized name

Back 17

dehydro-C

Front 18

Vit C functions

Back 18

1. antioxidant-over UL, could be a pro-oxidant
2. hydroxylating (adding an -OH group)
3. collagen (connective tissue)
4. carnitine (long chain f.a. uptake into mitochondria)
5. norepinephrine (vit C works on dopamine to form this)
6. Vit C increases the inorganic iron absorption

Front 19

Vit C deficiency

Back 19

scurvy

Front 20

Vit C RDA

Back 20

75 mg, 90 mg

Front 21

Riboflavin coenzymes

Back 21

FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), FMN (flavin mononucleotide)

Front 22

Riboflavin deficiency

Back 22

cheilosis

Front 23

Three main forms in food of Vit B12

Back 23

adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methlycobalamin

Front 24

Corrinoids are associated with

Back 24

Vit B12

Front 25

cobalt is found in the structure of which vitamin?

Back 25

Vit B12

Front 26

Vit B12 recommendations for adults 50 years and over?

Back 26

6-300 micrograms

Front 27

In nature Vit B12 is found in?

Back 27

microbes in soil (main environmental source), water, and the rumen or ileum.

Front 28

In foods Vit B12 is found in?

Back 28

foods of animal origin (meats, fish, egg yolk, dairy products)

Front 29

Vit B12 is fortified in what?

Back 29

cereals and soy products

Front 30

Vit B12 is found in what fermented food?

Back 30

tempeh which is fermented soybean

Front 31

What grown on a B12 medium can serve as a B12 source?

Back 31

nutritional yeast

Front 32

Important B12 sources in developing countries include?

Back 32

contaminated drinking water, poor dental hygiene, insect contaminated food, and microbes that enter the mouth from dirty hands.

Front 33

Supplemental forms of Vit B12

Back 33

cyanocobalamin (BEST), hydroxocobalamin, and methlycobalamin

Front 34

Vit B12 supplements are administered by:

Back 34

pill, injection (after stomach or ileum surgery), sublingual spray (not necessary)

Front 35

Food B12 can be destroyed by:

Back 35

acid, alkali, light and redox agents

Front 36

Is supplemental B12 a protein complex?

Back 36

No

Front 37

Newly abosorbed B12 will be transported in blood bound to?

Back 37

transcobalamin II (TCII)

Front 38

At the illeal receptor for B12 what nutrient is needed?

Back 38

calcium

Front 39

What percent of B12 can be absorbed by diffusion with no IF?

Back 39

1-3%

Front 40

What are the two causes of megaloblastic anemia for B12?

Back 40

primary deficiency-poor intake, secondary deficiency-poor absorption

Front 41

Why might deficiency for B12 take several years to develop?

Back 41

large body stores and enteroheaptic reabsorption

Front 42

What are some deficiency signs of Vit B12?

Back 42

glossitis (loss of tongue papillae), GI tract damage, hypersegmented polymorphonuclear leucocytes (segmented chromatin-definitive for B12/folate), macroovalocytes (elliptical RBC)

Front 43

Deficiency of B12 may be seen in

Back 43

1. Vegans
2. Stomach surgery/disease (decrease IF, acid, pepsin, "R" factor)
3. Ileal surgery/Disease (decrease receptors for B12 absorption)
4. Parasitism (parasites use B12-compete with humans for it)
5. Achlorhydria (decrease acid-drugs, aging, surgery)
6. Alcoholism (stomach damage)
7. Elderly
8. Individuals lacking IF (pernicious anemia)-autoimmune disease

Front 44

In B12 deficiency what increases in urine

Back 44

methylmalonic acid because it doesn't get converted to succinyl CoA

Front 45

What is also called pteroylglutamate, pteroylmonoglutamate, or pteroylmonoglutamic acid

Back 45

folate

Front 46

What is a reduced, active form of folate?

Back 46

tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate molecules (protected by Vit C)

Front 47

Purine/Pyrimidine synthesis is essential for what?

Back 47

cell division, protection and repair of DNA
1. Fetal development
2. GI tract cell formation
3. Red and White blood cell formation

Front 48

A.A. metabolism in folate is responsible for

Back 48

1. Glycine conversion to serine and serine conversion to glycine
2. homocysteine converted to methionine
3. histidine conversion to glutamate (folacin, B12 assessment!)

Front 49

On folate, single carbon transfer takes place on where?

Back 49

N-5, N-10

Front 50

How many additional glutamic acid molecules can be added to the acid component of folic acid?

Back 50

3-9 and they are called polyglutamates which are common in food

Front 51

pteridine is what part of folic acid

Back 51

nucleus

Front 52

what drugs can decrease B12 absorption

Back 52

1. antacids
2. hydrogen blockers, like pepcid AC (OTC)
3. proton pump blockers, like Nexium and Protonix (prescription)

Front 53

To lower homocysteine levels what amounts of folic acid, B6, and B12 have been recommended?

Back 53

1. Folic acid-at least 1000mcg-up to 2500mcg (UL-1000mcg)
2. B6-at least 10mg up to 25mg (UL-100mg)
3. B12-at least 400mcg up to 1000mcg (UL-none)

Front 54

controlling homocysteine may lower risk for what?

Back 54

1. CVD
2. Alzheimer's disease
3. Hypertension
4. Stroke
5. Diabetes complications (retinopathy, neuropathy)