Exam 2 Flashcards

Front 1

Following routine colonoscopy screening, a client is told that he had several polyps removed. The client began crying stating, I just can't deal with cancer. I'm too young. The nurse responds:

Back 1

Most colon polyps are not cancerous. The biopsy results will direct your care.

Front 2

A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a client. Which of the following characteristics is associated with this client's neoplasm?

Back 2

The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated.

Front 3

A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed cancer in situ of the cervix. The client asks, What does this mean? From the following statements, which is most appropriate in response to this question? The tumor has:

Back 3

Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically removed with little chance of growing back

Front 4

While studying to become chemo-certified, the nurse reviews some basic concepts about cancer cells. When a client asks about why the tumor grows so fast, the nurse will respond based on which of the following physiological principles? Select the best answer:

Back 4

Cancer cells do not die when they are programmed to die.

Front 5

While looking at cancer cells under a microscope, the instructor asks the students to describe the cells. Which of the student answers are accurate? Select the best answer.

Back 5

The cells do not resemble the tissue of origin.

Front 6

A farmer's long-term exposure to pesticides has made the cells in his alveoli and bronchial tree susceptible to malignancy. Which of the following processes has taken place in the farmer's lungs?

Back 6

Initiation

Front 7

Although clinical manifestations vary with the type of cancer and organs involved, the oncology nurses have observed that the most frequent side effects clients with cancer experience are:

Back 7

Sleep disturbances

Front 8

Paraneoplastic syndromes are manifestations of cancer that often result from:

Back 8

Inappropriate hormone release

Front 9

The highest incidence of cancer in US men is of what type?

Back 9

Prostate

Front 10

The most common cancer diagnosed in the US (regardless of race or gender) is:

Back 10

Breast

Front 11

The cancer with the highest mortality in the US (regardless of race or gender) is:

Back 11

Lung

Front 12

A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body mass index. Which of the following facts underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer?

Back 12

Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer.

Front 13

Which of the following dietary guidelines should a nurse provide to a group of older adults to possibly decrease their risks of developing colon cancer?

Back 13

"Try to minimize fat and maximize fiber when you're planning your meals.”

Front 14

A client with nonspecific signs/symptoms has gone to the primary health care provider. The client's chief complaints revolve around extreme fatigue, unplanned weight loss, and being so weak in the muscles. The diagnostic workup included a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor marker. The CEA result was elevated. The nurse should anticipate the physician will order which of the following diagnostic tests related to the elevated CEA?

Back 14

Colonoscopy

Front 15

A breast cancer client has just learned that her tumor clinical stage is T3, N2, M0. After the physician leaves, the client asks the nurse to explain this to her again. The nurse will use which of the following statements in his or her answer? Your:

Back 15

Tumor is large and at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.

Front 16

When should women begin screening for cervical cancer?

Back 16

Age 21

Front 17

A 78 year old woman presented for her annual physical. Her last colonoscopy was 12 years ago, and her last mammogram was three years ago. Both were normal as all screenings have been in her well-women health care in the past 40 years. What screening tests do you recommend that are also recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force??.

Back 17

Colonoscopy

Front 18

What cancer does not have a known dietary risk factor?

Back 18

Cervical

Front 19

The US Preventive Services Task Force:

Back 19

Makes recommendations based on rigorous review of peer-reviewed evidence

Front 20

The USPSTF ensures payment for all preventive services

Back 20

False

Front 21

A client has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the client's peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon?

Back 21

Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension.

Front 22

Which of the following statements about vascular compliance is accurate?

Back 22

Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood.

Front 23

In the days following a tooth cleaning and root canal, a client has developed an infection of the thin, three-layered membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves. What is this client's most likely diagnosis?

Back 23

Endocarditis

Front 24

Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of the following consequences?

Back 24

Backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium

Front 25

When discussing the AV node's role in the electrical conduction of the heart with a client newly diagnosed with an AV block, which of the following statements are accurate?

Back 25

A block at the AV bundle of His interferes with the normal delay of the impulse, thereby interfering with complete ejection of blood from the atria prior to ventricular contraction.

Front 26

If the parasympathetic neurotransmitter releases acetylcholine, the nurse should anticipate observing what changes in the ECG pattern?

Back 26

Slowing of heart rate to below 60 beats/minute

Front 27

During ventricular systole, closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves coincides with:

Back 27

Isovolumetric contraction

Front 28

A heart failure client has an echocardiogram performed revealing an ejection fraction (EF) of 40%. The nurse knows this EF is below normal and explains to the client:

Back 28

"This means your heart is not pumping as much blood out of the heart with each beat.”

Front 29

A client with a history of heart failure has been referred for an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic test reveal the following findings: heart rate 80 beats/minute; end-diastolic volume 120 mL; and end-systolic volume 60 mL. What is this client's ejection fraction?

Back 29

50%

Front 30

A large increase in heart rate can cause:

Back 30

Decreased stroke volume

Front 31

Following a hypertensive crisis, a client's family asks, Why are the client's eyes so bloodshot? The nurse responds that high arterial pressure:

Back 31

Damages more fragile blood vessels like those in the eyes to the point of rupture

Front 32

A client who lives with angina pectoris has taken a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin to treat the chest pain he experiences while mowing his lawn. This drug facilitates release of nitric oxide, which will have what physiologic effect?

Back 32

Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels

Front 33

A client has had a myocardial infarction (MI) that damaged the right atrium, which has interfered with the SA node. The compensatory mechanism, the AV node, becomes the pacemaker of the heart and beats how many times/minute?

Back 33

45 to 50 beats/minute

Front 34

A client asks, Why do I have clogged arteries but my neighbor has higher 'bad cholesterol' levels and yet he is just fine? The health care provider bases the reply on which of the following physiological principles about lipoprotein?

Back 34

You more than likely have small, dense type of 'bad cholesterol' (LDL).

Front 35

Which of the following would be considered a major cause of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia since it increases the production of VLDL and conversion to LDL?

Back 35

High-calorie diet

Front 36

Which elevated serum marker for systemic inflammation is now considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disease?

Back 36

C-reactive protein

Front 37

The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may cause occlusion of small heart vessels is:

Back 37

Thrombosis

Front 38

Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease is symptomatic with at least 50% occlusion. The primary peripheral symptom, due to ischemia, is:

Back 38

Calf pain

Front 39

While lecturing on blood pressure, the nurse will emphasize that the body maintains its blood pressure by adjusting the cardiac output to compensate for changes in which of the following physiologic processes?

Back 39

Peripheral vascular resistance

Front 40

Which of the following clients should most likely be assessed for orthostatic hypotension?

Back 40

An 80-year-old elderly client who has experienced two falls since admission while attempting to ambulate to the bathroom

Front 41

The plaques in a client's coronary arteries are plentiful, and most have small- to moderate-sized lipid cores with thick fibrous caps. This form of atherosclerosis is most closely associated with which of the following diagnoses?

Back 41

Stable angina

Front 42

Clients with ischemic coronary vessel disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial infarction based on characteristics that include significant:

Back 42

ECG changes

Front 43

Which of the following individuals is suffering the effects of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?

Back 43

A client who occasionally experiences persistent and severe chest pain when at rest

Front 44

The nurse would anticipate that which of the following clients would be considered a good candidate for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

Back 44

A 56-year-old with a history of MI experiencing new-onset chest pain and ST elevation

Front 45

Chronic stable angina, associated with inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium, is caused by:

Back 45

Fixed coronary obstruction

Front 46

An IV drug abuser has been diagnosed with infective endocarditis. He is in the emergency department reporting increasing shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain that worsens with breathing, and coughing up blood. The health care provider recognizes this may be caused by:v

Back 46

Blood clots (emboli) traveling in the blood stream to the lungs

Front 47

Which of the following would be considered a clinical manifestation of acute pericarditis?

Back 47

Sharp, abrupt onset of chest pain that radiates to the neck

Front 48

A client was in car accident client while not wearing a seatbelt and has sustained multiple rib fractures. During assessment, the nurse is having a hard time hearing heart sounds, and the client reports chest pain/pressure repeatedly. This client may be experiencing:

Back 48

Pericardial effusion

Front 49

Cor pulmonale is often caused by:

Back 49

Chronic lung diseases, such as COPD

Front 50

Men and women often have similar clinical presentations when they are suffering an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or event.

Back 50

False