Exam 2 Biol 2420

Front 1

Echinococcus granulosus

Back 1

dog tapeworm; tiny-3 proglottids; dogs get it from contaminated raw livestock; eggs pass through dog fec3es; humans get hydatid cysts by ingesting eggs- affects brain, lungs, liver; cysts fluid filled, contain many larvae and get big

Front 2

Taenia solidum

Back 2

pork tapeworm; DH-humams; IH pork; get it by eatting undercooked contaminated pork; humans can serve as IH; can cause cerebral cysticercosis

Front 3

Giardia lamblia

Back 3

mastigaphoran; parasitizes humans (dogs, beavers, muskrats); causes foul smelling explosive diarrhea; forms cysts; self limiting--> filter water before you drink it

Front 4

Trichomonas vagalis

Back 4

mastigaphoran; causes vulvovaginitis; STD called Trich; white discharge and itching; no cysts

Front 5

Toxoplasma gondii

Back 5

phylum apicomplexa; cat parasite; humans, cattle, etc can be IH; congenital toxoplasmosis; serious in AIDS patients

Front 6

Crytosporidium

Back 6

form cysts; cause enteritis and diarrhea; can get in water supply; chlorine resistant (boil water for at least 1 min or use fine filter) no treatment, threat to AIDS patients

Front 7

Naegleria fowleri

Back 7

free living normally; can cause amebic meningoencephalitis; very high mortality rate; warm stagnate water best environment (tolerate chlorine); don't get water up your nose

Front 8

Entomoeba histolytica

Back 8

LI of humans; pathogenic strains can cause amebic dysentary; cysts pass through feces and transmitted through contaminated water, food and certain practices; worldwide distribution

Front 9

Trypansoma gambiense

Back 9

mastigaphoran; infects blood and tissue fluids; causes African sleeping sickness--> can lead to loss of consciousness and death if infects CNS; Tsetse fly is a vector

Front 10

Trichella spiralis

Back 10

widespread distribution; fatal cases common among those who eat undercooked bear, wild pig, dog, walrus- any wild animal;

Front 11

Ascaris

Back 11

human intestinal roundworms; distrubition: cosmopolitan; pathogenisis- alergic response, malnutrition, intesinal blockage, psychological trauma from wandering worms

Front 12

Enterobius vermicularis

Back 12

human pinworm; LI of humans; very common, even in clean environments; asymptomatic to irritable with perianal pain, loos of appetite

Front 13

Penicillium

Back 13

Conidiospores form long chains on branching conidiospores, resulting in a bruch like structure P. notastum produces penicillin; P. roqueforti is used to make roquefort cheese

Front 14

Candida albicans

Back 14

part of normal flora; opportunistic; overgrowth occurs when immune system is compromised or balance is upset; vaginal, cutaneous, intestinal yeast infections, thrush; infection can become systemic

Front 15

Trichophyton

Back 15

causes athletes foot , ringworm etc

Front 16

Pneumoocystis carinii

Back 16

microscopic fungus; Pneumocystis pneumonia; one of the most common infections in immunosuppressed paitents with AIDS; spread in respiratory droplets; steriod treatment, organ transplantation and cancer predispose to P.c. infection also

Front 17

Cyrtococcus

Back 17

yeast cell surrounded by capsule; can cause fatal menigitis; transmission- inhalation of contaimated dust from bird species found in 8% of ALDS patients

Front 18

General Charateristics of Fungi

Back 18

nonmotile; heterotropic; prefer more acidic conditions than most bacteria; can tolerate higher osmotic pressure and lower moisture than bacteria; larger than bacteria; more cellular and morphological detail; cannot tolerate high temperature; fungal spores not as resistant; most aerobic- some faculative anerabes; decomposers; some parasites;

Front 19

saprophytes

Back 19

obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying matter

Front 20

yeast

Back 20

nonfilamentous unicellular; produce asexually by budding; reproduce sexually by producing various kinds of spores; aerobic or facultative anaerobes used to make bread, wine, beer, etc; some can be pathogenic

Front 21

molds

Back 21

filamentous, multicellular; have mycelium; have reproductive hyphae which produce different kinds of spores

Front 22

mycellium

Back 22

large vegatative structure of fungi;

Front 23

hyphae

Back 23

rigid branched tube like filament that encloses mycelium can be coenocytic or have septa

Front 24

dimorphic fungi

Back 24

those that swithc between yeast and mold phase; discovered by Pasteur; cause of switch- when oxygen supply decreases, pathogenic mold outside of host and yeast inside host; dimophism makes it easier for fungus to cause a systemic infection

Front 25

mycosis

Back 25

fungal infections; superficial, subcutaneous or systemic (vaginal yeast infections, athletes foot, farmers lung)

Front 26

mycotoxicoses

Back 26

produce toxins that cause disease

Front 27

3 basic shapes of viral capsid

Back 27

helical- proteins fit together like a spiral, rod-shaped structure
polyhedral-proteins arranged in equilateral triangles to form a dome shaped structure, some look like spherical
complex-combination viruses have helical portion (tail) attached to a polyhedral portion(head)

Front 28

viral envelopes-what they are made from

Back 28

viral envelopes are actually from the host PM; when some viruses emerge from host cell, they wrap themselves in a portion of the PM; glycoprotein spikes from host cell's glycocalyx may stick out of the envelope

Front 29

How can viral envelope be advantageous to soem degree?

Back 29

may allow virus to hide from immune cells and to infect new cells by fusion of envelope with another cell plasma membrane

Front 30

What determines the specificity of viruses for their hosts and for specific cell types

Back 30

viruses exhibit considerable specificity for hosts and for cell types; specificity determined by whether or not a virus can attach to a cell; attachement depends on presence of specific receptor site on host cell surface and specific attachement sturctures on viral capsid or envelope

Front 31

bacteriophage

Back 31

a virus that infects bacterial cells

Front 32

cytoplasmic effect (CPE)

Back 32

A visable effect on a host cell caused by a virus that my result in host cell damage or death

Front 33

capsomere

Back 33

a protein subunit of viral capsid

Front 34

viron

Back 34

complete viral particle

Front 35

viroid

Back 35

circular molecule of ssRNA without a capsid; plant pathogens; 1/10th the size of normal plant viruses; how it causes disease is a mystery

Front 36

prions

Back 36

protein particle with no nucleic acid, no evelope, no capsid (ex: CJC, mad cow disease, scrapie of sheep)

Front 37

lysogeny

Back 37

when the bacteriophage can insert its DNA into bacterial host genome

Front 38

naked virus

Back 38

has no viral envelope

Front 39

prophage

Back 39

phage DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA

Front 40

oncogenic

Back 40

a virus that is capable of producing tumors

Front 41

provirus

Back 41

viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell's DNA

Front 42

Name three methods of cultivating animal viruses in the lab

Back 42

1) embroyonic chicken eggs 2)mokey kidney cells 3)