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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List and explain the
3 particles of an atom What is an atom? |
(1) Proton - positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
(2) Neutron - Neutraly charged particles in nucleus of an atom (3) Electron - Negatively charged particles moving outside around the nucleus. (4) An atom is the smallest component of a substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties of that substance. |
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Define Atomic Weight
and Atomic Number |
Atomic Weight is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Atom number is the number of protons in the nucleus. |
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Define Ions, Isotopes
and Compounds |
Ions - an atoms that either gains electrons, or loses electrons. if gains (-) cation, loses (+), anion.
Isotopes - Atoms with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Same number of protons, but atomic weight will differ. Compounds - A molecule that contains at least two different kinds of atoms. (NaCl) |
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List and explain the
three types of bonds between atoms |
Ionic Bond - occurs between ions of opposite charges. One loses electrons, another gains them. (Only between metal and non-metal). Positive ion called cation, negative ionis anion.
Covalent Bond - 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Hydrogen Bond - when a H atom covalently bonded to an O or N atom in one molecule is attracted to an O or N from another mollecule. Shown as as line of dashes -----. Example is H20. O is (-),H (+). H has bond to O on another water molecule. |
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Compare Energonic and
Exergonic reactions. |
Reactions in chemicals involve making or breaking bonds between atoms. Bonds require chemical energy when they are broken, release chemical energy when they are formed.
ENERGONIC REACTION - absorbs more energy than it releases. EXERGONIC REACTION releases more energy than it absorbs. |
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Compare Anabolic and
Catabolic Reactions |
Anabolic - are synthesis reactions where two or more atoms, ions or molecules combine to form new and larger molecutes (bonds are formed):
A + B ---> AB Ex: glucose and fructose into sucrose. Catabolic - Reverse of above, Decomposition reactions,where bonds are broken and large molecules are broken down into smaller molecutes. AB ---> A + B Ex: Sucrose into glucose and fructose. |
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Distinguish organic
and inorganic |
Organic Compounds ALWAYS contains carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic - typically lack carbon. Ex: H2O . Universal solvent. |
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Compare and contrast
acids, bases and salts |
Acid - substance dissociates into one or more H+. Ex:
HCl --> H+ , Cl- Salt : into cations and anions, not H+ or OH- Ex: NaCl --> Na+ , Cl- Bases : into one or more OH- ex: NaOH --> Na+ , OH- |
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List the four types
of organic macromolecules |
Formed by monomers combing into polymers.
Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Amino Acids |
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List two types of Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates Lipids |
Joined by dehydration synthesis.
(1) Carbohydrates: important for structure & energy. Consist of C,H,O with 2:1 of C to H. Ex: Glucose & fructose -> Sucrose with H20 released. 2 monosacharides form a disacharide. Monosacharides are simply sugars, 3 - 7 carbon atoms. Deoxyribose, a pentose found in DNA. Glucose is a hexose. Oligosaccharides 2 - 20 mono. Polysaccharides: tens/hundreds. CHITIN- composed of two sugars (2) Lipids: Primary components of cell membres. Consist of C,H,O - no raio. Are non-polar and insoluble. SIMPLE LIPIDS: fats of trigyclerides formed by dehydration. 1 glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids. Unsaturated if double bond in carbons. COMPLEX LIPIDS: Contain C,H,O and phosphhous, nitrogen or sulfur. Two fatty acids tail and glycerol, and head of P,N,S. Head is hydrophilic, tail(acids) hydrophobic. Cell membranes made of phospholids. |
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List other 2 types
of macromolecules Protein Nucleic Acids |
(3) Protein: used for cell structures and function. Ex:Enzymes and transport proteins, Antibodies are proteins.
Proteins always made up of amino acids that have H2N (amino group) and Carboxyl group OH=C=O Amino Acids: Exist in either 2 stereoisomers D, or L, most are L. (isomer=same atoms, 2 different compounds. Peptide bonds between amino acids formed by dehydration synthesis. |
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List and explain the 4
levels of protein structures |
(1) Primary Structure: the unique sequence in which the amino acids link together to form a polypeptide chain.
(2) Secondary: the way the amino acid chains folds and coils in a regular helix of pleats Hydrogen bonds hold structure. (3) Tertiary: 3D structure of the polypeptide chains. Disulfide, hydrogen, ionic bonds between amino acids. (4) Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptdes operating as a single functional unit. Proteins can unravels, lose shape by denaturation. |
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Discuss dehydration synthesis
and hydrolysis reactions pg 38. |
Dehydration Synthesis: type of exchange reaction where monomers combined to form polymer (macromolecules).
Usually involves the elimination of a Hydrogen atom from one monomer and a hydroxl group from the other; the hydrogen atom and the hydroxol group combined to form water. ex: R--(OH+OH)--R' ---> R--R' + H20 Hydrolysis reaction: reaction to reverse the action, water must be added. Glucose + Fructose --> Sucrose + H2O. Adding water will break down the sucrose into glucose and fructose. |
