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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 2 parts make up the cutaneous membrane? |
The dermis and epidermis. |
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Describe the dermis |
Underlying area of connective tissue |
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Describe the epidermis |
Superficial stratified squamous epithelium. |
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What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system? |
hair, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands (sweat and oil) |
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Name the functions of the integumentary system |
Physical protection, thermoregulation, water barrier, excretion, synthesis and storage of fat, synthesis of vitamin D, receptors, coordination of immune response, non-verbal communication. (Patricia tried wearing every stitch and style and really chose nothing) |
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What are the layers of the epidermis? |
•StratumGerminativum (Basale)•StratumSpinosum•StratumGranulosum•StratumLucidum•StratumCorneum. (Gerard spoke graciosuly, Lucy Concurred). |
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What are the characteristics of Stratus Germinativum? |
The innermost basal layer, attached to the basement membrane. Contains stem cells, melanocytes, and tactile cells. |
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What are the characteristics of stratum spinosum? |
Keratinocytesin this layer contain fibers called tonofibrils that extend from one end of thecell to the other bound to desmosomes. They act as cross braces for support. Contains melanocytes and langerhan cells, which participate in the immune response. |
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What are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum? |
Three to five layers of flatkeratinocytes. The keratinocytes of thislayer contain coarse, dark-staining keratohyalin granules that give the layerits name. Keratinocytes produce large amounts of keratohyalin and keratin.Cellsbecome thinner and flatter. Lessnutrients reach the cells in this layer. Cells membrane thickens, cell dies. •Anepidermal water barrier forms between the stratum granulosum and the stratumspinosum. |
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What are the characteristics of the stratum lucidum? |
•Thintranslucent zone above the stratum granulosum, only in thick skin of the palmsand soles •Appearsas a “glassy” layer •Cellsin this layer are flattened, densely packed & filled with keratin |
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What are the characteristics of the stratum corneum? |
•Multiple layers of flattened, dead,interlocking keratinocytes, 15-30 layers thick, relatively dryIttakes 10 to 15 days for a cell to move from stratum germinativum to the stratumcorneum. Dead cells remain in thestratum corneum layer for an additional 2 weeks before they are shed or washedaway. |
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Describe the epidermal ridges and their purpose |
Thatstratum germinativum forms epidermal ridges, which extend into the dermis,increasing the area of contact between the two regions.Contoursof the skin surface follow the ridge patterns. The whorls seen on the thickskin of palms and soles increase the surface area of the skin and increasefriction, ensuring a secure grip. |
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Describe thick skin |
–Hasall 5 epithelial strata –Has astratum lucidum –Foundin areas subject to pressure or friction –Fingerprintsand footprints. Papillae of underlying dermis in parallel rows –hassweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands –StratumCorneum is often 30 or more layers deep |
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Describe thin skin |
–coversrest of body has four layers –hashair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands –nostratum lucidum –Moreflexible than thick skin –StratumCorneum is only a few layers deep |
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Name the factors that affect skin color |
pigments, blood circulating through the skin, thicknessof stratum corneum . |
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What are the 2 layers of the dermis? |
Papillary layer, and reticular layer |
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Describe the papillary layer |
•Superficial (outer) 1/5. Areolarwith lots of elastic fibers. Dermal papillae, capillary beds. Fingerprints.Whorls of ridges. Touch receptors (Meissner’s), free nerve endings sensing pain•Consists of areolar tissue (looseconnective tissue) with capillaries that supply nutritional support to theepidermis •Areolar tissue of the papillarylayer allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defenses against organismsintroduced through breaks in the epidermis |
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Describe the reticular layer |
•Deep(inner) 4/5. Dense irregular C.T. Collagen and elastic fibers. Some adipose,hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, heat sensors. •Boundarybetween the papillary and reticular layers is often vague. Accessory organs of epidermal origin, such ashair follicles and sweat glands, extend into the dermis •Containnetworks of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers, some adipocytes •Stretchingof the skin in obesity and pregnancy can tear the collagen fibers formingstretch marks |
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Describe the hypodermis |
- consistof areolar and abundant adipose (fat) tissues. - Areolartissue is interwoven with the connective tissue fibers of the reticular layer - notpart of the integument, it stabilizes the position of the skin in relation tounderlying tissues, provides degree of independent movement. -•Arteries& veins supplying the skin form a network in the subcutaneous layer alongits border with the reticular layer of the dermis. This network is called thecutaneous plexus. Tributariesof these arteries supply tissues of the subcutaneous layer and the dermis |
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Describe hair and it's parts. |
•Wehave about 5 million hairs •Non-livingstructures produced in organs called hair folliclesHairhas aninner medulla ofsoft flexible keratin, a intermediate hard cortex and anouter cuticle layer. •Hairroot extendsfrom the hair bulb to a point half way to the skin surface. Hair root attaches hair to the hair follicle•Hairshaft –the part we see on the surface, extends from this point to the exposed tip ofthe hair |
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Describe more of hair |
–Dermal root sheath –Internal root sheath surroundsthe hair root and portion of the shaft. Does not extend the length of the follicle –External root sheath extendsfrom the skin surface to the follicle base. Has all the layers of the superficial epidermis •Epithelium at the follicle basesurrounds a smallhair papilla, pegof connective tissue containing nerves and capillaries •Hair bulb consistsof this follicle epithelium that surrounds the papilla •Hair matrix isactively dividing epithelial layer of the bulb (resembles stratumgerminativium) involved in hair production •Glassymembrane: Thick basement membrane wrapped indense connective tissue sheath |
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What are the 3 types of hair? |
–lanugo,presentonly prenatally –vellus,afine unpigmented body hair –coarser, pigmentedterminal hairofthe eyebrows, scalp, beard, and other areas |
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Talk about root hair plexus and arrector pili |
•A root hair plexus ofsensory nerves surrounds the base of each hair follicle •Ribbons of smooth muscle called arrectorpilimuscle attach to connective tissue sheath surrounding the hair follicle |
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What are the two types of exocrine glands located in the skin |
–Sebaceous Glands producean oily substance that coats the hair and epidermis –Sweat (sudoriferous) producea watery solution |
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Describe merocrine sweat glands |
•the most numerous forthermoregulation to cool the body •Wide spread on the skin, especiallypalms, soles, and forehead •Each is a simple tubular gland witha twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis and an undulating or coiled ductleading to a sweat pore on the skin •Underinvoluntary control, mediated by nervous system •Antibacterialaction |
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Describe apocrine sweat glands |
•Secretionsare released onto hair follicles and are primarily located axillae, around thenipples and the groin –thick, cloudy, odiferous secretion.A nutrient source for bacteria that intensifies odor –secretions begin at puberty and inwomen, they enlarge and shrink in phase with the menstrual cycle –Apocrine sweat glands are scentglands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation. Experimentalevidence, suggest that they function as sexpheromones, whichexert subtle effects on the sexual behavior and physiology of other people |
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What are the structures of nails? |
•Thenail body, thevisible portion of the nail, covers an area of epidermis called the nailbed. The nail body is recessed deep tothe level of the surrounding epithelium, and it is bounded on either side by nailgrooves and nail folds. Thefree edge of the nail – the distal portion continues past the nail bed –extends over thehyponychium, areaof thickened stratum corneum -Nail production occurs at the nailroot, anepidermal fold not visible. - Aportion of the stratum corneum of the nail root extends over the exposed nail,forming theeponychium or cuticle. -Underlyingblood vessels give the nail its characteristic pink color. Near the root, these vessels may be obscured,leaving a pale crescent known as the lunula (luna, moon) |
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What are the A,B,C,D,Es of skin cancer? |
•A asymmetry •B borderirregularity •C color(often a mixture of brown, black, tan, and sometimes red and blue) •Ddiameter(greater than 6 mm) •E Evolving |
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Describe the different degrees of burns |
•First-degreeinvolve only the epidermis and are marked by redness, slight edema, and pain•Second-degreeinvolve the epidermis and part of the dermis but leave at least some of thedermis intact •Third-degree arealso called full-thickness burns because the epidermis and dermis arecompletely destroyed - often require skin graft |
