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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 3 features of a psychological disorder |
Distress, Disability, Increased risk of further suffering or harm |
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Developmental Pathway |
The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships between behaviors over time |
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Competence |
Ability to adapt successfully to environment |
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Developmental Tasks |
Conduct, academic achievement, How children typically progress within each domain as they grow |
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Multifinality |
similar early experiences lead to different outcomes |
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Equifinality |
Different factors lead to a similar outcome |
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Risk Factor |
a variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that the outcome will occur |
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Protective Factor |
a personal or situational variable that reduces the chances for a child to develop a disorder |
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Resiliency |
related to strong self-confidence, coping skills, and the ability to avoid risk situations, as well as the ability to fight off or recover from misfortune. |
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What does it mean to internalize a problem? |
more common in females. Anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, withdrawn behavior |
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What does it mean to externalize a problem? |
more common in males. Acting out behaviors such as aggression and delinquent behavior. |
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What are the 4 issues that research looks at? |
1. Normal vs. Abnormal?? 2. Causes? Correlations? 3. Long term predictions? 4. How to treat or prevent? |
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Temperament |
refers to biologically-based individual differences in behavioral and emotional reactivity and regulation that are early emerging, and relatively stable over time. Associated with certain behaviors later in life |
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What are the different types of temperaments? |
positive emotionality, negative emotionality, behavioral inhibition (or fearful, inhibited temperament), sociability, and disinhibition/impulsivity. |
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Epidemiology |
refers to the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. |
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Neurotransmitters |
are chemicals which enable the brain cells to transmit impulses from one to another |
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GABA |
(Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter known to counterbalance the action of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate GABA slows down neuron firing |
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How to benzos operate in the brain? |
affects emotional reactions, memory, thinking, control of consciousness, muscle tone and coordination by ENHANCING the action of the neurotransmitter. |
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Give an example of a positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement? |
Positive punishment = spanking Positive reinforcement = praise Negative punishment = grounded Negative reinforcement = parent stops making demands |
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Cortisol |
Released by the endocrine system, causes stress Can effect people physically, mentally, emotionally. |
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Emotional Reactivity |
individual differences in our thresholds for reacting and differences in the intensity of our emotions |
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Emotional regulation |
controlling emotional arousal for a specific purpose or goal (this tries to regulate your emotional reactivity) |
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Operant Conditioning . What are the ABCs? |
Antecedents - situation or setting Behaviors - specific and observable Concequences - either reinforces the behavior (increase) or punishes the behavior (decrease) |
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Incident Rates vs Prevalence Rates |
how many new cases during a specific time vs. the total of all cases of this during a specific time |
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Neuroplasticity |
The ability of the brain to "rewire". Influenced by our environment. |
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family aggregation studies |
studies that determine the connections between genes and behaviors (does not take into consideration environmental factors) |
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Molecular Genetics Studies |
Studies that look at the associations between DNA and traits. Difficult to replicate these findings because most disorders are the result of many small contributions from many genes. |
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Brain stem |
automatic systems necessary to stay alive (ex/ breathing) |
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What are the 3 parts of the Forebrain? |
Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, Cerebral Cortex |
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Limbic System |
emotions, expressions, impulse control, basic drives such as sex, aggression, hunger, thirst |
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Basal Ganglia |
regulates , organizes, filters info related to cognition, emotions, mood, motor functions. Associated with ADHD, tics, tremors, OCD |
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Frontal Lobe |
Self control, judgment, emotional regulation |
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Parietal Lobe |
auditory , visual, tactile |
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Corpus Callosum |
Intelligence, consciousness, self awareness |
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Temporal Lobe |
Emotional Maturity |
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Endocrine System |
a regulatory system (biofeedback). "Will not produce alot if you already have alot and will produce alot if alot if not detected". Releases cortisol and linked to depression and anxiety. |
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Norepinephrine |
related to emergency reactions and alarm responses in the brain |
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Social learning/modeling |
Example/ Bandura bobo doll |
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Social Cognition |
how children think about themselves, others, and the world |
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Classical Conditioning |
PAVLOV |
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What are the 3 attachment types? |
1) Secure 2) Insecure - anxious avoidance or anxious resistant 3)Disorganized |
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What are the steps of the research process? |
1) Theory/ Previous Research Hypothesis 2)Identify Sample/ Selecting Methods/ Research Design 3)Data Collection/ Data Analysis/ Interpretation of findings |
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Incident Rates |
the amout of NEW cases during a period of time |
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Prevalence Rates |
the amout of ALL cases during a period of time |
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Correlates (noun) |
Variables that are related at a particular point in time No proof that one precedes/ causes the other |
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Risk/Protective Factors |
Precede the outcome of interest Increase/decrease the chances of the outcome |
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Causes |
Influences directly or indirectly the outcome Difficult to pinpoint because of multiple influential factors and correlate |
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Reliability |
Consistency or repeatabilityDo different interviews arrive at the same diagnosis?The same study done twice will give the same results |
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Validity |
Are you measuring the correct thing?Does your measure really look at depression? Is it different than measures of externalizing problems? |
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Standardization |
Applications of certain standards or norms to ensure consistency is used across assessors and measurement occasions |
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What are some examples of Quantitative Research Methods? |
interviews, questionnaires, checklists/rating scales, brain imaging, performance measures, direct observation, intellectual, academic, neuro-psychological tests |
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What are the 3 types of parenting interviews? |
1)Semi-structured 2)Unstructured 3)Structured |
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Prospective Design |
following people over a long period of time, longitudinal studies |
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Retrospective Design |
asking about the past. Can be biased. |
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Attrition |
losing participants over time |
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Cross-sectional Research |
assessing something only at 1 time point, look at concurrent association, opposite of longitudinal study |
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Moderating Variable |
influences direction/strength of relationship EXAMPLE/ ADHD <-----> Child Conduct Problems A moderating variable could be an absent father figure because it could exacerbate the existing relationship |
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Mediating variable |
the process, mechanism or means by which a variable produces an outcome EXAMPLE/ Early trauma -------> depression A mediating variable could be changes in the physical structure of the brain due to the trauma |
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What is a true experiment? |
Scientific method, includes an independent and dependent variable, has strong internal validity |
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Independent Variable |
is the variable that is manipulated in a true experiment, participants are random EXAMPLE/ the brightness of a light changed by experimentor |
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Dependent Variable |
the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment, is "dependent" on the independent variable EXAMPLE/ how the subjects react to the independent variable |
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Randomized Control Trial |
1) first establish a group of kids with a disorder 2) randomly assign half to the control group and half to the experimental group 3) follow up 4) results |
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Efficacy (treatment studies) |
strong internal validity, random assignments, control groups, limited co-morbidity, expert therapists, non-clinic patients a "legit" study and must come before treatment studies that are "effective" |
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Effectiveness |
how well will this study transfer to less experienced researchers? Can anyone do it easily? Co morbidity not causing issues. |
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Single Case Design |
1)Present a treatment 2)Remove a treatment 3) Start treatment again and monitor the results |
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What are the 3 main purposes of an ASSESSMENT? |
1)Describe and Diagnose problem 2) Prognosis to predict future behavior 3) Treatment planning |
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What are the 4 factors of Evidence-based Assessments? |
1)Must have multiple methods of collecting data 2)Must be RELIABLE & VALID 3)Must be developmentally & culturally sensitive 4) assesses the strengths and weaknesses of child and their context |
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Idiographic case formulation |
a detailed understanding of a child/family as a unique identity |
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Nomothetic formulation |
emphasizes generalized information about large groups of individuals, the knowledge can help guide possible treatments |
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What are the 5 categories of the DSM-5? |
1)Clinical Disorders 2)Personality Disorders/Intellectual Disabilities 3) General Medical Conditions 4) Psychosocial and Environmental Problems 5)Global Assessment of Functioning (1-100 scale) |
