Esoh 280 Exam 2

Front 1

What are the 5 things that extreme environments are classified based upon.

Back 1

1. Temperature

2. Moisture

3. pH

4. Salinity

5. Contamination

Front 2

What are the characteristics of microbes that live in extreme low temperature environments.

Back 2

They function with minimal energy and the water holds the maximum amount of dissolved oxygen. If there are low O2 concentrations then there will be high H2S concentrations

Front 3

what is an example of a extreme hot temperature environment and microbial activity in that area

Back 3

1. Geothermal Hot Springs

2. Thermos aquaticus microbe is molecularly stable and flexible.

Front 4

What is an example of a UV stressed environment and what are characteristics of the microbes that live there.

Back 4

1. The Atacona Desert in Chile

2. Limited productivity, The microbial communities hide under rocks and secret Extracellular Polysaccharides.

Front 5

What is an example of a Aphotic environment, what are some characteristics and examples of microbes that can live in those areas.

Back 5

1. Deep Sea Thermal Vents

2. They Support chemolithoautotrophs that cannot use oxygen but instead use: H2S, CO2, Fe, CH4, inc, or CO.

3. Worms, microbial gardening and microinvertibrates can live in these conditions.

Front 6

What is a Chemolithoautotroph.

Back 6

They obtain their energy from Chemicals found in rocks and produce the energy themselves.

Front 7

What is a Chemoautotroph.

Back 7

A microbe that obtains and produces its own food energy from chemicals.

Front 8

What are the three characteristics of an Acid Mine Drainage.

Back 8

1. pH < 3

2. Comes from pyrite: FES2 ---> SO4 + H

3. The lower the pH the higher the malleability of the metal in the H2O and Soil.

Front 9

What are the four characteristics of Carbonate Caves.

Back 9

1. No Primary Productivity

2. Dissolved Organic Matter comes form moisture percolating into the caves.

3. Spleothans, which are stalactites that drip the percolation.

4. Low Microbial growth.

Front 10

What are the three characteristics of a Microscope.

Back 10

1. Resolution: The clarity of the microscope.

2. Magnification

3. Contrast

Front 11

What are the three uses for a microscope.

Back 11

1. Identification and Detection

2. Enumeration

3. To Describe characteristics.

Front 12

What is Bright Field Microscopy. What is Dark Field Microscopy.

Back 12

1. Allows us to see dark colored cells by using a light source

2. Allows us to see bright, alive, and non-stained cells.

Front 13

What is phase-contrast microscopy. What is differential interference contrast microscopy.

Back 13

1. Cell walls contrast against a dark background

2. Similar colored to contrast, shows the depth of cells.

Front 14

What is Fluorescent microscopy. What are the two different stains used.

Back 14

1. Staining the cells that cause them to glow

2. a. Acridic Orange - stains them orange

b. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization - stains antibodies.

Front 15

What is confucal laser scanning microscopy. What is Flow cytometry microscopy.

Back 15

1. Produces a 3-D image because a laser passes over the specimen.

2. Uses a laser that stays in one location. (good for enumeration)

Front 16

What is Electron Microscopy. What are the two types of electron microscopy.

Back 16

1. Short wavelengths of electron beams (can reach 1 million magnification)

2. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy - an electron beam scans the specimens.

b. Transmission electron microscopy.

Front 17

What are the two types of extraction methods.

Back 17

1. Physical - Material shaking, glass beads.

2. Chemical - Water and tween 80 (10%)

Front 18

What is the plating method.

Back 18

Streak plating - grow a pure culture by isolating colonies.

Front 19

What are the two types of culture media.

Back 19

1. Selective - The media will grow only specific microbes.

2. differential - Visually see a difference in microbes

Front 20

How do we culture viruses.

Back 20

By using a host, animal cells.

Front 21

What is a viral plague array

Back 21

It enumerates plaques of no-cell growth.

Front 22

When referring to DNA what do ATGC pair with.

Back 22

1. Aderime=thymine A=T

2. Cetosine=Guanine G=C

Front 23

What is the process by which DNA turns into Product.

Back 23

1. DNA ---> mRNA through Transcription

2. mRNA ---> Protein through translation

3. Protein ---> Product through Enzymatic processes.

Front 24

What is used in DNA replication. What is used to transcribe DNA into mRNA. What is used to translate mRNA into protein.

Back 24

1. DNA polymerase

2. RNA polymerase

3. Ribosomes

Front 25

What are the two ways to extract DNA.

Back 25

1. Physical - Freeze/thaw cycles, Ginding, or Sonication

2. Chemical - SDS or Lysozyme

Front 26

How do you clean up the DNA extraction Process

Back 26

1. Ethanol precipitation

2. Cesium Chloride

3. Phenol Chloroform extraction

Front 27

What are the three ways to determine composition of DNA

Back 27

1. Sequence Identification

2. Hybridization

3. G-C content

Front 28

What are the three steps to a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Back 28

1. Dematarization - separation of stuents using Taq polymerase

2. Arnalism - Bonds forming between complimentary base pairs using DNA polymerase

3. Replication

Front 29

What type of genetic material are viruses made of.

Back 29

Either DNA or RNA

Front 30

What are restriction enzymes.

Back 30

Enzymes that recognize specific base-pair patterns in DNA, and are then used to cut replicated DNA at specified positions (after specified patterns).

Front 31

What is a microarray.

Back 31

DNA on a chip filled with probes

Front 32

What is restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Back 32

The entire genome of a particular or group of organisms.

Front 33

What are the three things that recumbent DNA methods are used for.

Back 33

1. Find new or identical genes

2. Characterize/ID unculturable microbes

3. Screen for activity in a sample.

Front 34

Draw the Carbon Cycle

Back 34

Front 35

Draw the Nitrogen Cycle

Back 35

Front 36

Draw the Sulfur Cycle

Back 36

Front 37

What occurs during Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.

Back 37

1. Nitrogen fixation (aerobic)

N2 ---> NH4+

2. Nitrification (aerobic)

NH4+ ---> NO2- ---> NO3-

3. Deitrification (anaerobic)

NO3- ---> NO ---> N20 ---> N2

Front 38

What occurs during assimilatory nitrate reduction and during dissimilatory nitrate reduction.

Back 38

1. Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction (aerobic)

NO3- ---> NH3+

2. Disimmilatory Nitrate Reduction (anaerobic)

No3- ---> NO2- ---> NH4+

Front 39

What occurs during assimilatory sulfate reduction and during disimilatory sulfate reduction.

Back 39

1. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction (aerobic)

H2S --->SO4 2- ----> R-SH

2. Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction (anaerobic)

SO4 2- ---> H2S

Front 40

What occurs during Sulfur oxidation and during phototrophic oxidation.

Back 40

1. Sulfur Oxidation (aerobic) (chemoautotrophic)

H2S ---> S ---> SO4 2-

2. Phototrophic Oxidation (anaerobic) (photoautotrophic)

Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria form.

Front 41

Why do we need SO4 2-. Why do we need H2S.

Back 41

1. SO4 2- moves metal particles.

2. H2S is used in distribution systems

Front 42

What are the six types (and describe each) of microbial diversity

Back 42

1. Individual - One organism

2. Population - A group of genetically related organism

3. Guild - Populations in the same area competing for resources.

4. Community - All guilds present in an environment

5. Assemblage - All guilds present in a sample

6. Ecosystem - Microbial community, biotic and abiotic factors.

Front 43

What are the three ways to classify a microbial community.

Back 43

1. Genetics

2. Morphology

3. Functions

Front 44

What are the three ways species are identified.

Back 44

1. Culturing

2. Staining

3. DNA Hybridization

Front 45

What are the 8 diversity factors and the ideal conditions for each.

Back 45

1. pH - Neutral (7)

2. Vegetation - necessary depending on type

3. Water content - Moderate level

4. O2 concentration - Aerobic

5. Temperature - Moderate (20-40 C)

6. Organic Matter - High concentration

7. Soil Depth - Close to Surface

8. Organic Constituents - None

Front 46

What are Mutualism and Synergism

Back 46

1. Mutualism - Two organisms sharing and both benefiting

2. Synergism - Sharing energy to obtain greater amounts of nutrients with greater benefit.

Front 47

What are Commensalism and Neutralism

Back 47

1. Commensalism - One organism benefits the other organism is not harmed or benefited.

2. Neutralism - little interaction, all organisms stay the same

Front 48

What are Predation and Paracitism

Back 48

1. Predation - One organism consumes another

2. Parasitism - A parasite attached to an organism and takes the nutrients they intake but do not kill the organism.

Front 49

What are Amensalism and Competition

Back 49

1. Amensalism - One population remains neutral and a second population is harmed.

2. Competition - Both organisms are negatively impacted

Front 50

What are Co-metabolism and consoslationalism.

Back 50

1. Co-metabolism - One population does a metabolic process but cannot use the metabolite produced so they give it to another organism that needs it.

2. Consoslionalism - All organisms work together to produce.

Front 51

What are Microbial Megacommunities

Back 51

1. High numbers of organisms and a lot of diversity

2. Examples:

a. Biofilms/ Wastewater Treatment Facilities/ Exopolysaccharides

b. Rhyzosphere - Synergistic relationship