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268 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood volume.
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9.25 gallons / 45 liters. 10% of overall body weight.
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Stomach capacity.
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2-4 gallons.
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Manure production.
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40 lbs per day.
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Urine production.
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6 quarts per day.
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Mare's lactation production.
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9-11 gallons per day of low-fat (1.5%), high-sugar (6.5%) milk.
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Hoof growth.
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1/4 inch per month.
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Newborn foal vital signs.
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Temp: 101. Pulse: 70-100. Resp: 65.
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Foal vital signs.
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Temp: 100. Pulse: 70. Resp: 35.
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Adolescent vital signs.
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Temp: 100. Pulse: 40-60. Resp: 12-20.
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Adult vital signs.
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Temp: 99.5-101.5. Pulse: 30-50. Resp: 10-14.
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Senior vital signs.
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Temp: 99-101.5. Pulse: 30-40. Resp: 10-15.
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Weaning age.
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6-9 months.
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Defecation.
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Every 2-3 hrs; 5-12x daily. More frequent if stressed or ill.
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Bowel movements.
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5-20 fecal balls each. Can contain 30,000 parasite eggs.
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Urination.
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Every 4-6 hrs.
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Precocial species.
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Animals that are relatively independent and mobile at birth.
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Mare foals at night...
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to reduce chances of predator killing while in labor. Also allows foal a few hrs before dawn to gain strength and think.
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Genetic influences.
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Type, breed, family lines.
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Ancestry affects physical characteristics...
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Hair coat, bone size, thickness of skin, density of hooves, size of eyes and nostrils.
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Physical growth equivalent.
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Every horse year = 8 human years. Until 2, each year = 2 1/2 human years.
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Foals.
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Stands & nurses at birth; can run in 24 hrs. Weighs 10% of mature body weight; legs 90% of maturity; 75% of mature height. Weight: 110 lb. Height: 11.2 hh.
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Weanling (4-6 mos).
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Great rate of physical growth; half of adult weight. 400-500 lbs. 13-14 hh.
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Yearling.
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Hormonal puberty. Males often gelded. Wolf teeth often removed. 600 lbs. 14.2 hh.
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18 months - 2 years old.
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Sexually mature. Estrous occurs in fillies. Males capable of breeding. Growth plates may have matured enough for lite work. 875-925 lbs. 15-15.2 hh.
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3 years old.
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1050 lbs. 15.2 hh.
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4 years old.
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Weight & height stable until senior. 1100 lbs. 15.2 hh.
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Adult/prime (5-12 years).
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First year of maturity. Teeth stop shedding & errupting; full mouth of perm teeth. Mature skeleton. Peak immune system.
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Middle-aged (12-20 years old).
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Sensitivity to weather & insects. Decrease in stamina & muscle tone. Stiffness and brittleness in bones & joints. Teeth start wearing towards gum line. Mare fertility decreases. Vision deteriorates.
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Senior (20-30 years old).
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Decreased muscle tone & weight; prominent backbone. Teeth lost. Swaybacked. Joints relax; pasterns slope. Cloudy eyes; may be partially blind. Longer winter coat. Hearing deteriorates.
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Meconium.
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Dark, sticky fecal material that accumulates in fetal intestines; is discharged at/near time of birth.
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Brain mass.
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0.1% of body.
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Cerebrum.
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Thinking portion of the brain. Functions are sensory perception, learning, motor planning, voluntary movement, conditioned reflexes. 4 main lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.
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Cortex.
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Sight & hearing are processed and learning takes place.
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Limbic system.
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Neutral portion of brain deep in cerebrum below cerebral cortex, centered on hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala. Controls emotion, memory, and some homeostatic regulatory processes.
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Olfactory lobe.
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Processes smell & taste.
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Cerebellum.
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Athletic portion of brain located above brain stem regulates balance, coordination, muscle activity. Conscious movement: series of sequential events govern neutral activity. Learned motor skills occurs. Balance is governed in conj w/ in ear signals.
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Brain stem.
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4 portions: medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamic region.
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Medulla.
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Connects spinal cord to brain. Responsible for basic functions such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat.
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Pons.
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Balance between arousal and sleep is regulated.
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Midbrain.
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Relays sensory info to cerebrum (sound, touch, smell). Associated with sleep & waking. Controls eye movements & pupillary reflex. Memory stored.
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Thalamic region.
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Comprised of pituitary gland: controls hormone production related to sex & stress. Thalamus: relays info to cerebrum. Hypothalamus: control of internal environment, regulates temp, hunger, thirst and governs endocrine & autonomic nervous systems.
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Left brain.
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Governs scientific, logical, problem-solving issues.
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Right brain.
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Involves pictures, patterns, emotions, and creativity. Horses naturally right brain.
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Nasal turbinates.
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Passageways from nostrils to lungs.
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Papillae.
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Folds and projections on dorsal surface of tongue that contains taste buds.
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Proprioceptive sense.
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Ability to sense the position, location, orientation, and movement of body and parts.
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6 types of movement.
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Long, low; short, low; medium; round; high action; baroque.
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Saliva.
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99% water; contains a little enzyme amylase & some salts including bicarbonates. Makes it slightly alkaline that buffers stomach acid. Only produced by act of chewing.
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3 pairs of saliva glands.
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Parotids (situated in front of ears), submandibular (each side of lower jaw), sublingual (underneath tongue).
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Pharynx.
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Continuation of oral & nasal cavities. They are divided within pharynx by the soft palette.
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Trachea.
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Flexible tube connecting back of pharynx to lungs; passageway for inhalation & exhalation. Rings of cartilage support trachea so it's permanently opened.
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Epiglotis.
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Flap of cartilage that opens when horse breathes.
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Saccus caecus.
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Upper part of stomach lining of unprotected tissue (squamous epithelium).
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Margo plicatus.
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Border between upper & lower parts of stomach.
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Lower portion of stomach.
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Glandular region of fundic & pyloric regions. Has various cells that secrete acid, mucus & pepsinogen.
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Duodenum.
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First part of small intestine.
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Small intestine.
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Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
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Villi.
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Finger-like projections in small intestine that aid absorption.
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Large intestine.
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Also called hindgut. Caecum, large colon, small colon, and rectum. Lining does not produce enzymes.
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Caecum.
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Large sac that enters into right ventral colon. Has pouch-like structures that separates hindgut into compartments, aiding microbial fermentation. Can become impacted.
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Large colon.
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Consists of right & left ventral colon and right & left distal colon, joined by narrow flexures. Has pouch-like structures that separate hindgut into compartments, aiding microbial fermentation.
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Small colon.
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Spiral in nature. Water & some minerals including electrolytes, phosphorus, & small amount of calcium are absorbed.
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Rectum.
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60 inches long in which digesta moves from small colon. Holds feces and voided via anus.
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Peristalsis.
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Wave-like muscular contractions that propel digesta through, helps mix with digestive juices and enables nutrients to reach intestinal wall for absorption.
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Feces.
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Consists of undigested feed residue, water, digestive secretions, cells from gut wall lining (epithelial cells), salts, bacteria, & products of microbial breakdown of nutrients.
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Liver.
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Accessory organ in digestion. Produces bile for fat digestion & neutralization of small intestinal contents. Processes nutrients after absorption. Produces protein carriers for fat transport from gut.
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Pancreas.
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Accessory organ to digestion. Produces digestive enzymes & pancreatic juices for nutrient digestion & neutralization.
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Lymphatic system.
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System of vessels circulating body, returning fluid to cardiovascular system. Fat breakdown products released here.
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Hepatic portal vein.
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Blood vessel from gut directly to liver. Absorbed nutrients carried through.
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Hormones & kidneys.
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Controls body's fluid balance.
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Duckett's dot.
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Lies directly under the center of coffin bone. Focal point of weight bearing.
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Bridge of hoof.
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Corresponds to intersection of coffin, navicular, and short pastern bone. "Center of articulation". Lies halfway between toe & heel, on widest part of hoof.
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Pillars of hoof.
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Two parallel weight-bearing columns at the toe of hoof wall, begins to curve back toward heels.
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Adrenal glands.
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Two small, flat organs located on front of kidneys that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream.
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Cortisol.
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Hydrocortisone. Adrenal hormone regulating fat & water metabolism, muscle tone, nerve stimulation and inflammation.
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Hormone.
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Complex chemicals, usually produced by endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads), that regulate activity of each other and other organs, such as stress, metabolism, growth, sexual development, etc.
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Insulin.
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Hormone secreted by pancreas to control blood sugar level and utilization of sugar in body by muscles.
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Pituitary gland.
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Small, oval-shaped, ductless gland connected to base of brain; produces a variety of hormones that influence other glands in body.
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Oxytocin.
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Hormone secreted by mare's posterior pituitary gland, smooth-muscle stimulant; induces labor contractions during foaling & release of milk during nursing. Also treats choke.
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Erythrocytes.
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Red blood cells. Oxygen-carrying blood cells produced in bone marrow.
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Guttural pouches.
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Two sacs connected to eustachian tube between ear & throat, opening into throat; assist in cooling brain during strenuous exercise.
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Pinna.
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Large outer ear. Consists of 3 cartilages.
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Cochlea.
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Spiraled, fluid-filled sac where specialized hair cells transform vibrations into nerve impulses.
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3 main components of blood.
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Plasma, cells, platelets.
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Blood plasma.
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Made up of serum & fibrogen.
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Serum.
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Clear, straw-colored fluid that is basis of blood. 92% water, mainly of dissolved nutrients.
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Fibrinogen.
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A protein important to the blood-clotting process.
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Red blood cells.
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Picks up and carries oxygen around the body. No nucleus. Makes up 95% of all circulatory blood cells.
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Blood cells.
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Red & white cells.
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White blood cells.
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5 types. Help remove damaged tissue & fight and dispose of alien bacteria & viruses. Crucial part of immunity. Larger than red blood cells, has large nucleus.
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Blood platelets.
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Works with fibrinogen to clot blood at injury sites. Tiny colorless cells without nucleus.
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Arteries.
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Have strong, muscular walls for tolerance of blood force; has a recoil mechanism to keep blood flow going. Carries blood towards body, away from heart. Small arteries are called arterioles.
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Lymph.
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Throat, in front of shoulder, groin. Deactivates bacteria & viruses filtered from lymph passing through.
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Frog of hoof.
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Triangular shaped, sensitive part of sole. Part of pumping mechanism of foot which sends blood around. Gives horse security in movement.
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Thorax cavity.
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Lies within front portion of ribcage suspended from spine. Contains heart & lungs.
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Abdomen cavity.
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Separated from thorax cavity by diaphragm. Suspended from spine. Contains most of body organs (stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, spleen, etc.)
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Central nervous system.
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Contains brain & spinal cord. Processes incoming sensory info & coordinate responses.
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Peripheral nervous system.
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Includes all nervous tissue outside of CNS. Split into two parts: SNS & ANS.
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Somatic nervous system.
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Responsible for all consciously controlled actions such as voluntary limb movement. Responds with skeletal muscle.
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Autonomic nervous system.
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Responsible for subconscious function within body such as heart beating or glands releasing hormones. Responds with cardiac & smooth muscle & glands.
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Aorta.
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Largest artery. Carries oxygenated blood out of heart to rest of body.
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Veins.
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Thinner-walled blood vessels that carry blood towards heart, away from body. Largest veins have valves to stop blood from flowing in wrong direction. Small veins are called venules.
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Vena cava.
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Largest vein that carries deoxygenated blood into heart from body.
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Capillaries.
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Thin-walled vessels that provide connection between arteries & veins. Networks surround all tissues and here is exchange of substances between blood & tissues.
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3 types of blood vessels.
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Arteries, veins, capillaries.
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Endothelium.
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Internal layer of blood vessels.
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External respiration.
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Exchange of gases between lungs & bloodstream.
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Internal respiration.
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Exchange of gases at cellular level, between bloodstream & individual cells (sometimes called tissue respiration).
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Carina.
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Junction of divided trachea as entrance of lungs. Beyond this point, airways are described as bronchi.
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Endocrine system.
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Series of ductless glands providing secretions (hormones) that influence vital functions, such as homeostasis.
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2 hormone groups.
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Steroids, proteins & their derivatives.
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Trophic hormones.
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Have an effect only on other endocrine cells and usually stimulate the release of other hormones.
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Growth hormone.
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From the anterior pituitary. Stimulates growth.
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Prolactin.
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From the anterior pituitary. Influences lactation.
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Thyroid stimulating hormone.
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From anterior pituitary. Stimulates thyroid gland.
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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
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From anterior pituitary. Controls the adrenal cortex.
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Luteinising hormone & follicle stimulating hormone.
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From anterior pituitary. Stimulates secretions of gonads.
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Anti-diuretic hormone.
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From posterior pituitary. Regulates body's water content through action on kidneys.
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Calcitonin.
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From thyroid. Calcium regulation within body.
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Thyroxine.
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From thyroid. Regulates metabolism, stimulates energy production & growth. Influences sugar absorption within intestines.
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Parathyroid hormone.
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Vital to the metabolism of calcium & phosphorous.
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Glucocorticoids.
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From cortex of adrenal glands. Steroids involved with metabolism of carbohydrates & proteins.
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Aldosterone.
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From cortex of adrenal glands. Helps regulate correct water balance.
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Adrenaline.
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From medulla of adrenal glands. Prepares the body for response to danger.
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Noradrenaline.
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From the medulla of adrenal glands. Assists in adrenaline response.
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Glucagon.
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From pancreas. Facilitates breakdown of glycogen, thus raising blood-glucose level.
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Vestibule.
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Short passage between vulva & vagina which forms an air-tight barrier between the outside and vagina.
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Cervix.
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Front end of vagina, entrance to womb. Remains tightly closed with not in season or pregnant, but relaxes to allow passage of sperm during season.
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Spermatic cords.
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Cords that suspend the testicles. Made up of an artery & vein.
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Vas deferens.
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Tube that transports the sperm from the testicle to the penis.
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Integument system.
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Consists of the skin and associated organs. Also includes sweat & oil glands, hair, & hooves. Main function is protection.
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Epidermis.
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Divided into 3 layers consisting of various shaped cells. Is avascular (no blood supply). Receives nutrients from tissue layers beneath.
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Dermis.
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Made up of tough connective tissue. Highly vascular and contains many lymphatic vessels & nerve fibers, also hair follicles, oil & sweat glands.
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Hypodermis.
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Made up of loose connective tissue which permits movement of skin while anchoring it to underlying structures. Aids in protection & insulation.
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Sebaceous glands.
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Oil glands associated with hair follicle. Produces sebum, has a bactericidal action. Some glands empty directly onto skin, such as near the eyelid & ear canal.
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Conchal cartilage.
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Funnels sounds waves down into ear canal towards eardrum.
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Scutiform cartilage.
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Shield-shaped cartilage which acts as a lever for some of the ear muscles.
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Third cartilage.
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Annular cartilage shaped like a tube connects the conchal cartilage with external auditory canal.
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Eustachian tube.
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Part of the middle ear, allows adjustment of pressure between middle ear & outside.
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Eyes.
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Largest of any mammal.
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Range of view.
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Each eye: 130-140 degrees. Mon: 260-280. Bin: 75-95 in front of face. Depends on size & placement. Total: 345-355.
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Monocular vision.
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Each eye has separate field of view.
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Binocular vision.
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Each eye supplies image. Superimposed to create a single 3-dimensional picture.
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Blind spots.
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5-15 degrees. Between eyes, in front of nose, withers, behind tail.
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Viewing objects.
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Are farsighted. Has rough visual transition. Object leaves bin and enters mon. Enters blind spots in between.
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Accommodation.
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Adjustment of lens in eye to focus on objects at various distances.
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Peripheral vision.
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Excellent, especially with head down. Can't focus on details.
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Visual acuity.
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Ability to focus and see sharpness of detail and contrast. Determined by number of photoreceptors in retina.
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Photoreceptors.
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Specialized cells on retina that are sensitive to light. Makes vision possible. Rods & cones.
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Rods.
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Sensitive to changes of light and dark and movement.
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Cones.
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Sensitive to color only in bright light.
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Visual streak.
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Narrow band along horizontal axis of eye that contains a high density of photoreceptors. Focus below and above is poor.
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Factors that affect visual acuity.
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Shape of eyeball, power of accomodation, elasticity of lens, strength of ciliary muscles.
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Lens.
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Less elastic than human; gets cloudy and less elastic with age.
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Power of adaptation.
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Ability of the eye to change with varying light intensities.
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Rate of adaptation.
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Slower than human. Longer to adjust to lighting.
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Narrow and horizontal pupil.
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Bright light.
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Large oval / rounded rectangle pupil.
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Low light.
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Range of adaptation.
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Better than humans. Eye has large retina surface for light reception.
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Pupil.
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Small hole in choroid layer which allows light to enter eye.
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Tapetum lucidum.
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Mirrorlike fibro-elastic layer on lower half of eye interior. Reflects and doubles amount of light sent to retina.
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Corpora nigra.
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(brown/iris bodies) cloud-shaped pigmented structures that hung over the iris, partially occluding light from entering pupil directly.
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Sun protection of eye.
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Pupil's narrow, horizontal configuration in bright light tends to decrease amount of light entering eye from above & below. Long, downward-angling eyelashes.
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Depth perception.
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Only in binocular field. Narrower than human. Naturally poor judging distances.
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Color vision.
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Two types of cone cells in retina that are sensitive to color.
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Nictitating membrane.
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Third eyelid.
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Third eyelid.
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Inner corner of eye between eyeball & lower lid. Protects and wipes clean cornea of irritants. Contains tear secretion gland to wash.
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Tears.
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From lachrymal gland & third eyelid wash over eye, collect in lower lid, flow thru canal (nasolachrymal duct), empties thru opening in floor of nostrils.
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Frequency.
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Pitch; number of vibrations a sound produces per second. Measured in hertz.
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Infrasound.
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Sound with a frequency below human's audible range of hearing.
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Ultrasound.
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Sound with a frequency above human's audible range of hearing.
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Ears.
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Most mobile of any domestic animal.
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Hearing pitches.
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Higher than human. Low with ears and sense lower through hooves and teeth when grazing.
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Pitch range.
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55 Hz - 25 kHz (5-9 yo); maximum hearing sensitivity 1-16 kHz.
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Volume.
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Measured in decibels (dB). Logarithmic unit represents energy of sound.
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Hearing volume.
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Hears sounds from greater distances.
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Smell.
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Processed in nostrils; has large surface area. Odor particulates carried thru air, deposited on moist tissues, info sent to brain for decoding.
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Taste.
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Processed by papillae on tongue, throat, palate. Liquids or solids ingested pass over tongue and are accepted or rejected.
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Taste preferences.
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Salty. Learn to like sweet. Dislikes sour or bitter. Each horse has different palate.
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Smelling rituals.
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Tool of recognition. Smell without being smelled. Mutual grooming (with friends). Challenge or threat (with strangers).
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Flehmen response.
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Reaction to certain smells like body fluids. Raises head, curls back lip, sends scent into nostrils where odor particles are processed by vomeronasal organ at top of nasal passages.
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Scent of water.
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Can detect subtle differences in mineral content.
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Pheromones.
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Chemical substances secreted that contain info.
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Whiskers.
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Antennae around eyes, lips, nose. Detection feelers that are necessary protective feature.
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Muzzle.
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Highly tactile area containing nerve endings, whiskers, and sensors for smell and taste.
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Uses of mouth.
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Lip, lick (inspect); chew (inspect or destroy); bite (destroy); warn; defend.
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Reflex.
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Automatic response of muscle to specific certain stimulus. Reacts unconsciously.
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Suck reflex.
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Rubbing along spinal column or top half of head precipitates oral movement from foal.
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Withdrawal reflex.
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Snaps leg off ground when touched by predator, fly, hand, or clippers.
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Croup and perineal chains.
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Clamps tail, tucks croup (squats), possibly kicks and bucks when underside of tail or anus is touched. Tightens anal sphincter muscle.
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Cutaneous trunci chain (panniculus chain).
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Rapid repeated muscle contraction of skin over horse's barrel. Can also make horse hypersensitive to rider's leg cues.
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Spina (vertebra) prominens chain.
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Causes the back to hollow when fingernail is run down spine. Left side, spine curves away from pressure, left hind leg to move forward, and possibly head and neck will curl to left. Reverse on right side.
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Other reflexes.
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Ear twitch; eyeblink; tearing; pupil dilation; head shake; saliva production; sneezing; coughing.
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Poll reflex.
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Raises head & neck; may try to pull away. Can be conditioned to lower head.
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Bridge of nose reflex.
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Raises head, hollows neck, flips nose up. Can be conditioned to lower head.
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Poll flexion reflex.
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Upward rotation of head via extension at poll or raising of head causes forelimb extension; downward rotation of head or flexion at poll induces hind-leg flexion & foreleg extension.
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Crest reflex.
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Lowers neck.
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Breast reflex.
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Backs up if head is low. If head is high, reflex is blocked.
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Forelimb extensors.
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Causes cannon and hoof to move out front.
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Forelimb flexors reflex.
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Causes leg to bend at knee.
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Withers reflex.
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Light pressure: lowers head, reaches with head, nibbles if scratched.
Heavy pressure: moves away from pain, makes threatening gestures with head & neck. |
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Tonic neck reflex.
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Contracts on the touched side. With no alteration in normal head position: laterally concave neck induces hind-leg flexion and foreleg extension on side touched. Laterally convex neck induces foreleg flexion and hind-leg extension.
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Ribs reflex.
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Head turns toward pressure, ribs reflex away from pressure, nearest hind leg flexes, opposite hind extends, causes sway or crossing.
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Loin reflex.
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Flattens or rounds back.
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Croup reflex.
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Tucks tail and hindquarters and rounds back.
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Semitendinosus (hamstrings) reflex.
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Raises leg or kicks backwards.
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Gaskin reflex.
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Flexes hock.
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Flank reflex.
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Reaches hind leg forward or "cow-kicks".
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Abdominal muscles reflex.
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Contracts belly, rounds back, arches neck, drops croup.
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Distal limbs reflex.
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Withdraws legs by flexion.
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Receptors.
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Located in muscles and tendons. Constantly sends messages to brain that help coordinate horse's movements.
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Coordination.
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Closely coupled to the proprioceptive sense.
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Seasonally polyestrous.
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Specific breeding season each year, with multiple breeding periods triggered by day length.
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Breeding months in North Hemisphere.
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Spring (April) - fall (September).
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Mare's estrous cycle.
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Average 21-23 days. Is standing in heat (receptive to stallion) for average 5-7 days.
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Sebum.
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Waxy exudate for natural waterproofing that is excreted from skin.
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Cannot regurgitate because...
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tight sphincter muscles in esophagus.
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Pelvic flexure.
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Sharp turn in large intestine on left rear side. Can become blocked.
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Spleen.
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Red blood cell reservoir supplying extra RBCs that carry O2 during exertion. Release of adrenaline triggers release of extra RBCs.
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Body design.
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Can carry 20% of body weight due to suspension-bridge features.
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Can stand while sleeping.
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Unique limb anatomy that uses minimum of muscular activity. Nuchal ligament.
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3 features for standing while sleeping.
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Stay apparatus; reciprocal apparatus; locking stifle joint.
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Stay apparatus.
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Ligaments & tendons stabilize all joints of forelimbs & fetlock & pastern joints of hind limbs. Weight is supported on straight limbs during sleep. Check ligaments.
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Recripocal apparatus.
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Set of muscles between stifle and hock joints working in unison of hind limbs.
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% of water in body.
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Mature: 65-75%; foal: 80%.
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Necessities of water.
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Help propel food thru gut; acts as a solute for nutrient transportation & excesses to be excreted; acts as medium for all body metabolic processes; thermoregulation.
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Larynx.
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Framework of cartilage & muscle that connects pharynx & trachea. Functions to keep unwanted substances out of airway and to produce voice; centered just at back of lower jawbone, is equivalent to human's Adam's apple.
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Optic nerve.
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Transmits electrical impulses from light-sensitive retina of eye toward brain.
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Primary bronchi.
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Largest tubes within lungs. Contains plates of cartilage for support.
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Secondary bronchi.
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Smaller than primary. Cartilage support doesn't extend this far into lungs.
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Bronchioles.
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Smaller than bronchi.
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Respiratory bronchioles.
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Smallest of bronchioles with very thin walls. Ends form the alveoli.
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Alveoli.
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Ends of respiratory bronchioles where gases are exchanged and internal respiration occurs.
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Oestrogen & progesterone.
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Hormones from ovaries essential in reproductive cycle.
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Testosterone.
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Hormone from testes responsible for male characteristics and development.
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Iris.
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Contains muscles that can control amount of light that enters eyeball.
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Anterior & posterior chamber of eye.
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Contains aqueous humor, helps maintain shape of eyeball.
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Aqueous humor.
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Watery fluid which supplies oxygen & nutrients to lens & cornea.
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Cilliary body.
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Forms the attachment for the lens via the suspensory ligament.
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Sclera.
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Protects the inner parts of the eye and maintains shape.
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Choroid.
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Provides blood supply and absorbs the light in eye.
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Vitreous body.
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Jelly-like substance in eye.
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Retina.
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Receives light and converts it to nervous impulses which are then sent via optic nerve to brain.
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Cornea.
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Admits and bends light.
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Bursa.
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A pad or capsule filled with synovial fluid.
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Axial.
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Armpit.
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Croup.
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The dorsal (hind end) part of spine (sacral region).
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Crus.
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Refers to the leg; plural is crura.
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Digit.
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The first, second, and third phalanx.
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Flank.
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The space between the ribcage and the pelvis on the side of the body.
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Forearm.
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Antebrachium; radius & ulna.
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Hock.
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The ankle or tarsus of the horse on hind leg.
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Hyoid.
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Greek for U- or V-shaped.
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Loin.
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The dorsal region following (distal) the ribcage and in front of the pelvis.
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Manubrium.
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Latin for sword handle. Cartilaginous cranial element of sternum.
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Meniscus.
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Latin for little moons. Cups of cartilage.
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Ramus.
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Round angle.
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Shank.
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Lower leg in the tibia and fibular region above the ankle (tarsus).
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Stifle.
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The knee of the horse.
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Sura.
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The calf of the leg.
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Synovial fluid.
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Lubricating, hydraulic fluid secreted by articulations, bursa, and tendon sheaths.
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Filtration.
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Passage of a liquid through a membrane due to a difference in hydrostatic pressure.
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Diffusion.
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Homogenous mixing of two or more liquids due to the natural movement of molecules.
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Osmosis.
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Passage of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
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Donnan equilibrium.
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Involves the passage of ions through a semi-permeable membrane to achieve ionic balance on both sides.
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Dialysis.
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Passage of small molecules through a semi-permeable membrane to achieve a molecular balance on each side.
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4 tissue types.
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Epithelial tissue; connective tissue; nervous tissue; muscle tissue.
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3 types of epithelial tissue.
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Columnar; squamous/pavement; compound/stratified.
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