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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ontogentic migration of zooplankton?
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Vertical migration patterns are seasonal ad associated with life cycles and changing depth. For example a copepod are in mid deep waters in feb, and rise to the surface in april and return to deep water in summer.
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Protective colouring of zooplankton:
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surface zooplankton are highly transparent. Other zooplankton have counter shading (a lighter colour on body parts where predators would see them from below)
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Nematocysts
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Cnidaria have tentacles with stinging cells for defense.
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Meroplankton
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temporary plankton: baby fish are sometimes released into the plankton, making there be no comp for food wit parents, good dispersal of the species, and limiting energy spent on parental care.
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Agnatha
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Jawless fish: lke lampreys that suck onto other fish and suck there blood.
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Chondrichythes
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Sharks, skates and rays: have tooth like scales on their skin.Have internal fertilization
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Osteichthyes
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Bony fish: nektonic or benthic. ie. a tuna.
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Why do fish need fins?
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Maintain balance, provide propulsion.
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Why do fish need tails?
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propulsion by undulations.
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What is the major role of gills?
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-used for gas exchange (take in oxygen form the water and give off carbon dioxide). Can also excrete waste. Sharks don't have gill covers, and must pump water threw the mouth to force it across the gills and out the gill slits.
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What do fish have to protect there skin?
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Mucus: a protective coating for the skin. Mucus helps lubricate and reduce drag.
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Whats the difference between active and passive cryptic colouration?
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passive-natural colour blend into background or break up coutline. ie. countershading.
active: fish repors background on its own surface ot blend into surroundings. |
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warning colouration?
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-fish with warning colouration have bright or contratsing colouration signalling predators to stay away form there strong defense mechanisms.
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Swim bladder:
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fish can control the amount of gas in their swimbladders in order to regulate bouyancy. they control this by secreting and absorbing gas from the blood through muscel contractions.
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Do sharks have swim bladders?
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No. sharks have an oily liver that helps the to be bouyant. They also musts be constantly moving generating lift.
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Anadromous fish:
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breed in freshwater (salmon). The young migrate to sea.
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Catadromous fish
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breed in the sea but spend majority of their adult life in freshwater.
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What are the main differences between mammals and fish?
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mammals have hair, mammary glands, must maintain a constant body temp, have lungs and breathe air.
Fish; no hair, no mamms, same body to mep as the environment, have gills. |
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Cetacea:
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whales: have paddle shaped forelimbs used for steering reduce hind legs and horizontal tail flukes. Have blubber to maintain body temp.
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Carnivora:
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seals, sea lions and walrusses. Have flipper like forelimbs and partially fused hind limbs.
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How do whales breathe?
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blowhale: located at the top of the whale so it is the first part to emerge from the water. Have biochemistry which allows it to breathe in thoroughly.
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How are whales adapted to live in saltwater?
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have skin impervious to sea water. Swallow little seawater wen eating. Kidneys can take out salt in water they do ingest. The get freshwater from foods the consume.
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How are whales tolerant of pressure?
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have blubber protectign vitals from pressure.
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how do whales locate prey?
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Use the monkeys muzzle a small sound opening connected to the blow whole. Can generate different sound frequencies. Make clicks to form a coda, relating ot the size of the whale. Use echo sounding to stun and locate prey.
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the intertidal zone?
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spray zone, intertidal zone (liew between high and low tide extreemes), infralittoral zone (belwo the littoral interitdal zone) Is never exposed to air.
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2 organisms that live in the spray zone:
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periwinkle snail: phylum mollusca: breath air and give birth to live young. Need to be wetted by sea spray .
Limpets: plattened shelled molluscs that pul down onto a rock, at night they move around and eat algae. |
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How do barnacles reproduce?
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hermaprohs with long penises fertilize neighbours. Eggs hatch internnally.
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Give an example of an organism adapted to live in the middle tide zone?
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sea stars: echinodermata that has no eyes or brains, have radially symmetrical bodys and move slowly. Water vascular system. Eats muscles.
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Give an example of a low tide organism:
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sea anemones: cnidaria. like jelly fish, but iwth mouth and tentacles upwards. Nematocysts are not long enough to go through human skin.
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Give ab example of an infralittoral tidal zone organism:
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Kelp; its gotta be submerged.
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climax community:
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a stable, long established community of self perpetuating aggregation which does not change unless disrupted by something severe.
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On cobble beaches, where do most of the organisms live?
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animals like clams and worms usually live under the sand.
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Where do most animals live on a the sandy shore?
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under the sand..ie burrowing seacucumber and sand clam. Benthic Fish like sand sole camoflague to the bottom.
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Coastal plain estuary
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formed when a river valley was drowned by returning sea.
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Fjord estuary.
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formed when a river valley was drowned by rising sea through glaciation. However, more rock ad debree and is usually deeper.
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barbuilt estuary
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usually built when a sand bar is paralell to a coast line. Usually lagoons which seperate open ocean from the mainland.
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Organisms living in estuaries must be________ because of the constantly changing salinity gradients
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euryhaline: can withstand a wide range of salinity and can tolerate exposure to fresh water.
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Organisms living in estuaries must have ________ to prevent_____ ______because of the suspended solids in water
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mechanisms to prevent gill clogging
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Most of the animals that live in estuaries are....
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benthic, although there are some nekton
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food chains in estuaries are similiar t othose found in mud flats, and are mainly ________ based
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detritus. hte detritus comes from marsh plants wit in the estuaries and from terrestrial matieral.
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Wetlands
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mashy and muddy. Animals that live here must be able to tolerate oxygen depleted and silty enivornment. Zonation occurs horizontally with animals that can tolerate fresh water closer to the river, and animals that prefer salt water further out.
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Corals belong to which phylum
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cnidaria
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commensalism;
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the symbiont (the small org) derives benefits from the relationship, and the host doesn't benefit or suffer
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mutualism
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both the symbiont and the host benefit form the relationship
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parasitism
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the symbiont derivies benefit, but the host is harmed
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what are barrier reefs based on?
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a sinking continental shelf
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How does salinity change with depth?
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surface waters are less salty because of rainwater and river output. Bellow the thermocline, the salinity in the deep ocean is constant
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At what depth is there no detectable light?
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1000m
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where is calcium carbonate most soluble?
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In the deep ocean. it becomes more soluble as temp decreseas. This makes the water more acidic, disolving calcium shells.
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Hydrothermal vents
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cracks in the sea floor were water is expelled i nhot cloudy geysers. Water expelled is rich in sulfides.
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Why are new protein sources not being used?
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-need new equipment for harvest and pack
-may be more expense to harvest and pack -consumer preference may make people unwilling to try something new |
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Mariculture:
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an operation by which marine organisms are gorwn and harvested.
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How are mariculture and fisheries different?
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mariculture:the species is grown
fisheries: a wild species is harvested |
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to be used in mariculture species must be:
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-popularr and expensive
-cheap to grow -be marketable in less than 1 yr -resistant to disease -high degree of growth to food intake -can be brought to sexual maturity in captivity |
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name an organisms that responds well to mariculutre?
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oysters, they do not have to be fed. they just eat the phytoplankton that drifts towards them in coves
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why aren't lobseters harvested in maricuulture?
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-cannabilistic so must be compartmentalized, and fed artifical food and they have to be raised for 2 years
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how to determine primary productivity
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primary productivity measures the total amount of chemical energy produced in living organisms in an ecosystem.To calculate primary productivity, ecologists must find the total energy harvested through photosynthesis and subtract the amount of energy producers use for their own respiration. They can find this out by placing local samples of water in dark and light water bottles and leaving them in the water for hours. When they take them out, they can see the total amount of respiration that has occurred and oxygen produced in the different bottles.
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larvacean
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pelagic urochordate lives in a house that is covered witha screen that filters in plankton form sea water.When the screen gets clogged, it sheds the house and builds a new one.
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Salp
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free swimming barrel shaped, filter feeder
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cyanobacteria (blue green algae
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photosyntheitc bateria.
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nitrogen fixation
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cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas dissolved in seawater to ammonia
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Dinoflagellates
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microscopic single selled, swimming plants. Planktonic or benthic. Can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic
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phytplankton bloom.
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occurs when phytoplankton goes through a period of rapid growth and division
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biomass
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the total amount of lving meterial in an ecosystem
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primary production
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the total amount of material produced by primary producers in an area over a period of time.
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primary productivity
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the rate of increase per unit per time of the primary producers. The amount of carbon fixed per time.
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The gran method of measuring primary productivity
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uses bottles filled with equal amounts of seawater containing phytoplankon and dissolved oxgyen. The oxygen concentration in the clear bottle is measured against the respiration occuring in the dark bottle.
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carbon 14 method of measuring primary productivity
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Uses dark and light bottles as well. However, each bottle contains equal amounts of radioactive carbon 14 added as CO2 and equal amounts of stable carbon 12. High levels of radioactive emmisions indicate high levels of productibity.
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top down factors limiting productivity
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conditions of the physical enviro: light nutrients, temp
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bottom up factors limiting primary productivity
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biological controls:
-predation by zooplankton. |
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transfer efficiency
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s the amount of energy in one trophic level, which is converted into biomass in the next level.
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the gills
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The gills are the organ by which gases are exchanged between the fish and the surrounding water. Through the gills, fish are able to absorb carbon oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Like the lungs, the gills have a large area for gas exchange
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transfer efficiency
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s the amount of energy in one trophic level, which is converted into biomass in the next level.
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the gills
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The gills are the organ by which gases are exchanged between the fish and the surrounding water. Through the gills, fish are able to absorb carbon oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Like the lungs, the gills have a large area for gas exchange
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