Environmental Science Test 3 Chapter 16

Front 1

What is the atmosphere composed of?

Back 1

The atmosphere is composed of 78.1% N, 20.9% O, and about 1% of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor.

Front 2

What is pollution directly related to?

Back 2

Air pollution is directly related to the number of people living in an area and the kinds of activities in which they are involved.

Front 3

There are five major types of materials that are released directly into the atmosphere in unmodified forms in sufficient quantities to pose a health risk. What are they called?

Back 3

These are called primary air pollutants.

Front 4

What are the five primary air pollutants?

Back 4

–Carbon monoxide
–Volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons)
–Particulate matter
–Sulfur dioxide
–Oxides of nitrogen

Front 5

How are secondary pollutants formed?

Back 5

they are formed when primary pollutants interact with sunlight and other gases in the atmosphere

Front 6

What are Criteria air pollutants?

Back 6

pollutants for which specific air quality standards have been set.

Front 7

What are the six Criteria Air Pollutants?

Back 7

1.Nitrogen dioxides (NO2or NOx)
2.Ozone (O3)
3.Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
4.Particulate matter (PM)
5.Carbon monoxide (CO)
6.Lead (Pb)

Front 8

How is Carbon Monoxide is produced?

Back 8

Carbon monoxide is produced when organic materials are burned with insufficient oxygen.

Front 9

What is the single largest source of Carbon Monoxide?

Back 9

The single largest source is the automobile

Front 10

How is Carbon Monoxide harmful to the body?

Back 10

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in blood and makes the hemoglobin less able to carry oxygen.

It is most dangerous in enclosed spaces; several hours of exposure to air containing only 0.001% CO can cause death

Front 11

Name several characteristics of Carbon Monoxide?

Back 11

-Colorless, odorless
-Incomplete combustion
-Binds strongly with hemoglobin
-Headaches, dizziness, and death
-35 ppb per hour (0.001% CO can cause death)
-Cigarette smoking
-May also contribute to global climate change

Front 12

What does particulate matter consist of?

Back 12

Particulate matter consists of minute pieces of solid materials (< 10 microns) and liquid droplets dispersed into the atmosphere.

Particulates can accumulate in lungs and interfere with the ability of lungs to exchange gases.

Front 13

What is a compound of sulfur and oxygen produced when sulfur-containing fossil fuels are burned?

Back 13

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Front 14

What are the health effects of Sulfur Dioxide?

Back 14

Health Effects: constrict airways, change respiratory and pulse rates, respiratory diseases

Front 15

What are the environmental effects of Sulfur Dioxide?

Back 15

Acid Rain/Deposition

Front 16

What is Acid Deposition?

Back 16

The accumulation of potential acid-forming particles on a surface.

Front 17

When does the Acid Deposition form?

Back 17

When dry particles are deposited, an acid does not actually form until these materials mix with water.

Front 18

What are all sources of acid-forming particles commonly referred to?

Back 18

acid rain

Front 19

What are Particulates and sulfur dioxide associated with?

Back 19

electric power plants

Front 20

Is acid rain a worldwide problem?

Back 20

YES

Front 21

What are some harmful effects of acid rain?

Back 21

–Property and structural damage
•Limestone degradation
–Damage to forests
•Acidic soil results in reduced nutrient absorption
–Lake acidification causes food chain disruption

Front 22

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are formed when fossil fuels are burned. True or False

Back 22

True

Front 23

Can Lead enter the body through breathing airborne particles or by consuming lead deposited on surfaces?

Back 23

Yes

Front 24

What harmful effects does lead have on humans?

Back 24

Lead accumulates in the body and can cause mental retardation and kidney damage.

Front 25

What WAS the primary source of lead?

Back 25

-Leaded gasoline was primary source.
-Currently, over 80% of gasoline sold in the world is unleaded. Those still using it plan to phase it out.
-In the U.S. lead emissions peaked at about 258,000 tons per year. In 2007 they were about 1300 tons per year, a reduction of 99.5%, meeting EPA standards in the U.S.

Front 26

What are hydrocarbons?

Back 26

They are a group of organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) readily evaporate and become pollutants in the air.

Front 27

VOCs react with many other pollutants to form secondary air pollutants found in photochemical smog.

True or false?
Are they toxic?

Back 27

True

Some VOCs are toxic (carcinogens) and are known as hazardous air pollutants.

Front 28

What is Ozone?

Back 28

Ozone (O3)is a molecule of three oxygen atoms bonded to one another.
–It is an extremely reactive secondary pollutant that can:
•Cause permanent lung damage
•Irritate respiratory tissues
•Damage plants
•Reduce agricultural yields

Front 29

What conditions need to be present in a city for photochemical smog to develop?

Back 29

Cities with warm climates and lots of sunlight are more prone to develop photochemical smog.
–Warm temperatures and sunlight are needed.
–Smog is more likely to be a problem in the summer with higher temperatures and longer days.
–Cities adjacent to mountains or in valleys tend to have trouble with photochemical smog because pollutants are trapped by thermal inversions.

Front 30

What is thermal inversion?

Back 30

•Thermal inversions occur when warm air becomes sandwiched between two layers of cold air and acts like a lid on a valley.
•Warm air cannot rise, causing smog accumulation.

Front 31

What are HAPs?
How are they released?

Back 31

-Hazardous air pollutants (HAP), or air toxics, are compounds that can harm human health or damage the environment.
-Some released from consumer activities:
-Benzene escapes during automobile refueling.
-Some consumer products such as glues and cleaners release toxic materials into the air.
-The majority are released from manufacturing:
-Perchloroethyleneis released from dry cleaning processes.

Front 32

What has been instrumental in controlling air pollution?

Back 32

In the U.S., implementation of the Clean Air Act has been the primary means of controlling air pollution.
-Catalytic converters, removal of lead in gasoline, industrial, mining & manufacturing emissions control.

Front 33

What does the Ozone in the outer layers of the atmosphere do?

Back 33

Ozone in the outer layers of the atmosphere shields the Earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light radiation.

Front 34

In 1985, it was discovered that a significant thinning of the ozone layer over the Antarctic occurred during the Southern Hemisphere spring.
•Spring 1986 scientists announced the atmosphere above South Pole had 40% less ozone (O3)
•The stratosphere was being reduced, and this area became known as the?

Back 34

“ozone hole”

Front 35

What can lead to the destruction of the Ozone?

Back 35

•Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and similar compounds can release chlorine atoms which can lead to the destruction of ozone.
–Used for foam insulation, Propellants, Refrigerants, Air conditioners, Refrigerators, Solvent Cleaning in industry

Front 36

How long can it take for chlorofluorocarbon molecules to get into the stratosphere?

How long can they react with the ozone?

Back 36

10 to 20 years


for up to 120 years

Front 37

What are the effects of low ozone layer?

Back 37

-Decline of plant growth
-Increase skin cancers
-Reduced amphibian population

Front 38

What is The Halogen Depletion Hypothesis?

Back 38

•1974 paper in Naturein which Rowland and Molina hypothesized that ozone could be reduced by chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
CFCl3+ hv - Cl+ CFCl2
Cl+ O3 - ClO+ O2
O + ClO - Cl+ O2
O + O3 -O2+ O2

Front 39

What is the Montreal Protocol, and when it ratified by Congress?

Back 39

In 1987, several industrialized countries including Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, the Soviet Union, and West Germany agreed to freeze chlorofluorocarbon and halon(used in fire extinguishers) production and reduce production by 50% by 2000.

Front 40

What was the result of the Montreal Protocol?

Back 40

emissions dropped 87% from their peak in 1988.

Front 41

What is Climate Change?

Back 41

Climate Change is a shift in the long-run average of weather

Front 42

What are three features of Weather?

Back 42

•Atmospheric conditions at particular place and time
•How it changes from day to day
•Temperature, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover, humidity, etc

Front 43

What are three features of Climate?

Back 43

•Average weather conditions over a long period
•Repeating pattern of weather
•Average temperature and average precipitation

Front 44

Are Climate and Weather the same thing?

Back 44

NO

Front 45

Climatic records indicate over the past 160,000 years a close correlation between greenhouse gas concentration and global temperatures.

True or False

Back 45

True

Front 46

The Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007, concluded?

Back 46

-The average temperature on Earth has increased 0.56 to 0.92°C (1.0-1.7°F) in the past 100 years. 1998 was the hottest year on record; 2005 was the second warmest; 2002 was the third.
-Sea level is rising about 1.8 mm/yr or 18 cm in 100 years.
-A strong correlation exists between temperature increase and amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
-Human activity greatly increases amounts of greenhouse gases in atmosphere.

Front 47

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

Back 47

Greenhouse gases allow sunlight to penetrate the atmosphere.
-Water vapor (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) not natural
-Sunlight is absorbed by Earth’s surface.
-It is re-radiated as infrared energy (heat).
-The heat is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere.

Front 48

There are six major sources of EPA Criteria Pollutants.

True or False

Back 48

True

Front 49

One group of compounds produced by humans that are minor components of greenhouse gas are collectively called?

Back 49

CFC's

Front 50

Melting of arctic sea ice might influence survival of polar bear populations.
True or False

Back 50

True

Front 51

The main activity of the U.N. initiated Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is to?

Back 51

provide regular intervals of assessments of climate change knowledge.

Front 52

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

Back 52

It binds with hemoglobin, reducing the blood's oxygen carry-capacity.

Front 53

Types of unmodified materials released into the atmosphere are?

Back 53

primary air pollutants

Front 54

Particulate matter is a dangerous pollutant because it?

Back 54

irritates the lining of the respiratory tract

Front 55

The decline in arctic sea ice may be contributed to?

Back 55

Climate change and naturally occurring climate variability.

Front 56

One of the IPCC reports provided much of the technical information which led to?

Back 56

the Kyoto Protocol

Front 57

The stratosphere is a wind current that blows from west to east.

True or False

Back 57

False

Front 58

Condition in which warm air is sandwiched between two layers of cold air is called?

Back 58

thermal inversion

Front 59

What does The Ozone Multilateral Fund do?

Back 59

provides financial assistance to businesses to become CFC

Front 60

The amount of lead released into the atmosphere has?

Back 60

has declined since the introduction of lead free gasoline

Front 61

Industrial dust and ash are considered?

Back 61

particulates.

Front 62

What is listed by EPA as a criteria air pollutant?

Back 62

carbon monoxide

Front 63

Who ultimately pays for the changes mandated by the 1990 ?

Back 63

consumers

Front 64

Nitrous oxides enter the atmosphere from fossil fuels and ___________.

Back 64

fertilizers

Front 65

Pollutants produced by the interaction of primary pollutants are?

Back 65

secondary air pollutants

Front 66

Ozone is formed when photochemical smog reacts with sunlight.

True or False

Back 66

True

Front 67

There are many positive actions that have improved air quality.

True or False

Back 67

True

Front 68

Categories of air pollution include carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and lead.

True or False

Back 68

False. these are part of the catagories

Front 69

Lead levels fell by 94% in North America between 1982 and 2002 due to the?

Back 69

elimination of leaded gasoline.

Front 70

Carbon dioxide is put into the atmosphere as a waste product of fossil fuel combustion.

True or False

Back 70

True

Front 71

Loss of calcium ions from soil may be a major problem associated with acid rain?

True or False

Back 71

True

Front 72

What is the most abundant of the greenhouse gases?

Back 72

Carbon dioxide

Front 73

What contributes to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Back 73

Deforestation

Front 74

What does Methane come from?

Back 74

comes from biological sources and from some fossil-fuel burning activities.

Front 75

How does Nitrous oxide enter the atmosphere?

Back 75

from fossil fuels and fertilizers.

Front 76

Where do Chlorofluorocarbons come from?

Back 76

refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and propellants are also a component of the greenhouse effect.

Front 77

Although a small increase in the average temperature of the Earth may seem trivial, it could set in motion changes that could significantly alter the climate of major regions of the world.
True or False

Back 77

True

Front 78

What are Potential Consequences of Global Warming

Back 78

-Rising sea level
-Beach and coastal wetland erosion
-Substantial loss of coastal area
-Land area of some island nations and countries like Bangladesh would change dramatically as flooding occurred.
-Geographic distribution of organisms could be
altered.
-Movement of vegetation
-Species extinction

Front 79

What would be the first species to become extinct from the result of global warming?

Back 79

-Toads first species to go extinct due to climate change
- High altitudes in Central American cloud forests
- 9-52%of world’s known terrestrial species could go extinct
- Worst case: 38-52%
- Best case: 9-13%

Front 80

Could the result of global warming have both a positive and negative effect on the food supply?

Back 80

Yes

Front 81

Growing evidence indicates air within homes and other buildings can be more seriously polluted than outdoor air in the most industrialized cities.

True or False

Back 81

True

Front 82

What is Radon?

Back 82

Radon is an inert radioactive gas with a half-life of 3.8 days.

Front 83

How does Radon enter the home?

Back 83

It can enter a home through an open space in the foundation, from gaps around pipes, or from wells.

Front 84

What is the most important form of indoor air pollution?

Back 84

The most important of these health problems are associated with tobacco smoking.

Front 85

What is it called when a property of carbon dioxide that allows light to enter but not leave the atmosphere?

Back 85

Greenhouse effect

Front 86

The main activity of the U. N. initiated Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) is to do what?

Back 86

To provide regular intervals of assessments of climate change

Front 87

What do Scrubbers, precipitators, and filters do?

Back 87

reduce particulate pollution

Front 88

One of the ways in which Mexico City has improved air quality was to?

Back 88

To eliminate lead from gasoline, require catalytic converters on all automobiles, and to improve public transportation

Front 89

Since the prevailing wind patterns in the U. S. are from east to west, the best place to avoid air pollution is on the extreme east coast.

True or False

Back 89

False

Front 90

Motor vehicle emissions are not a major source of air pollution

True or False

Back 90

False

Front 91

Radon gas may cause lung cancer if exposure is prolonged at high concentrations

True or False

Back 91

False

Front 92

What is the function of a catalytic Converter?

Back 92

It reduces lead and other metals

Front 93

Acid rain is caused by the emission of chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere

True or False

Back 93

False

Front 94

Ozone, when found close to the surface of the earth, is a pollutant .

True or False

Back 94

True

Front 95

Who ultimately pays for the changes mandated by the 1990 Clean Air Act?

Back 95

Consumers

Front 96

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

Back 96

It binds with hemoglobin, reduces the blood's oxygen carry - capacity

Front 97

Atmosphere ozone shields the earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light radiation

True or False

Back 97

True

Front 98

The major causes of water pollution in Louisiana are nutrients, sediment, and microorganisms.

Which stakeholder group will be most affected by needed changes to make rivers fishable and swimmable?

Back 98

Farmers

Front 99

The decline in arctic sea ice may be contributed to?

Back 99

Warmer Water


Both climate change and naturally occurring climate variability could be true

Front 100

Chief source of chlorofluorocarbon in the environment is

refrigerant gases in refrigerators, air conditioners, as cleaning solvents, propellants in aerosol containers, as expanders in foams products .

Back 100

All of these are correct

Front 101

Scientists have agreed that human activity is causing the climate to get warmer

True or False

Back 101

True

Front 102

Sulfur dioxide levels in the U. S. have___________ since 1970

Back 102

Decreased by 30%

Front 103

What is the material that makes life possible on Earth?

Back 103

Water

Front 104

Does water store heat?

Back 104

Yes

Front 105

What are waters physical properties?

Back 105

–Water molecules are polar: one part of the molecule is slightly positive, and the other is slightly negative.
•Molecules tend to stick together.
•They also can separate other molecules from each other (solvent).

Front 106

What is an important as quantity?

Back 106

Water quality

Front 107

What percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water?

Back 107

70%

Front 108

Of Earth’s freshwater what percent is available for use?

Back 108

3%

Front 109

What is POTABLE water?

Back 109

Unpolluted fresh water, suitable for drinking.

Front 110

Shortages can be directly attributed to human-induced water pollution.

True or False

Back 110

True

Front 111

The World Health Organization estimates ______% of the world’s population does not have access to safe drinking water.

Back 111

25%

Front 112

According to the U.N. Environment Program, how many deaths occur each year from water-related diseases, including cholera, malaria, dengue fever, and dysentery.

Back 112

5-10 million

Front 113

All water constantly recycled through a process called the
______________?

Back 113

Hydrologic Cycle

Front 114

What is the process by which plants give off water called?

Back 114

Evapotranspiration

Front 115

Warm, moist air rises, cools, condenses (condensation), and falls as _______________________?

Back 115

Precipitation.

Front 116

Surface water that moves across the surface of the land and enters streams and rivers is called?

Back 116

Runoff

Front 117

Water that fills spaces in the substrate is called?

Back 117

Groundwater

Front 118

What are "tions" of the Hydrologic Cycle?

Back 118

Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration

Front 119

What is the water that fills spaces in the substrate?

Back 119

Groundwater

Front 120

What is water that enters the soil called?

Back 120

Infilitration

Front 121

Water entering the soil (infiltration) is either taken up by plant roots or moves downward until it reaches an impervious layer of rock, and accumulates in porous strata called an ?

Back 121

aquifer

Front 122

An unconfined aquifer is usually near land’s surface.

True or False

Back 122

True

Front 123

The top layer saturated with water is called the?

Back 123

Water Table

Front 124

What is the area above the water table unsaturated with water called?

Back 124

Vadosezone (zone of aeration)

Front 125

What is a confined aquifer ?

Back 125

A confined aquifer is bounded on top and bottom by layers impermeable to water.

Front 126

An impervious confining layer is called an

Back 126

aquiclude

Front 127

A permeable confining layer is called an

Back 127

aquitard

Front 128

Porosityis a measure of the size and number of spaces in the substrate.

True or False

Back 128

True

Front 129

Runoff and the infiltration rate are not greatly influenced by human activity.

True or False

Back 129

False

Front 130

A major concern in many urban areas is transportation of storm water.

True or False

Back 130

True

Front 131

What is a measurement of the amount of water taken from a source.

Back 131

Water withdrawals

Front 132

Water incorporated into a product, or lost to the atmosphere through evaporation or evapotranspiration, cannot be reused in the same geographic area and is said to be __________________.

Back 132

consumed

Front 133

Freshwater and conservation of aquatic resources are key to human well-being.

True or False

Back 133

True

Front 134

What is being jeopardized by population growth, rural to urban migration, rising wealth and resource consumption, and climate change?

Back 134

The quality and quantity of water and life supporting ecosystem services

Front 135

How much of water used for domestic purposes in North America is supplied by municipal water systems.

Back 135

Over 90%

Front 136

The average person in a North American home uses approximately _________________ of domestic water per day?

Back 136

100 Gallons

•69% used as solvent to carry wastes (bathing, laundry, toilets, and washing dishes).
•29% used for lawn and garden (consumptive use).
•2% used for drinking or cooking.

Front 137

In North America, more than ___ states expect a water crisis in the next ten years?

What cities are especially vulnerable?

Back 137

36

–Fast-growing western cities are especially vulnerable

Front 138

How much ground water is withdrawn daily in U.S.?

Back 138

An average of 85 billion gallons of groundwater are withdrawn daily in the U.S.

Front 139

What is a major use of groundwater

Back 139

Irrigation

Front 140

What are some groundwater management strategies

Back 140

–Shift from groundwater to surface water, import water from outside the local water-system boundaries.
–Control pumping with guidelines, policies, taxes, or regulations.
–Conservation practices, techniques, and technologies
–Reuse wastewater (grey water) and treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for non-potable purposes.
–Desalination of brackish groundwater

Front 141

Groundwater mining is removing water from an aquifer faster than it can be replenished.

True or False

Back 141

True

Front 142

What are results of over mining of ground water?
Name 3

Back 142

•Land settling.
•Lowering of the water table.
•Saltwater intrusion into wells near coastal areas.

Front 143

Public attitude is not a major cause of water loss.

True or False

Back 143

False

Front 144

What is a major loss of water?

Back 144

Leaking water pipes and mains account for significant losses of water.
–Even in the developed world, losses may be as high as 20%.
–Poorer countries may lose over 50% of water to leaks.

Front 145

What are the four types of irrigation methods?

Back 145

–Surface / Flood
•Requires extensive canal systems.
–Spray
•Requires the use of pumps.
–Trickle or Drip
•Strategically placed openings deliver water directly to the roots of plants.
–Sub-Irrigation
•Underground pipes supply water to plants and can be used for drainage as well

Front 146

The Clean Water Act (1972) seeks to protect U.S. waters from pollution.

True or False

Back 146

True
–It specifically regulates pollutant discharges into navigable waters by implementing two concepts:
•Setting water quality standards for surface water.
–NPDES Permits –Point source
•Limiting effluent discharges into the water.

Front 147

_____________________________________is the amount of oxygen required to decay a certain amount of organic matter?

Back 147

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Front 148

Disease-causing organisms are a very important pollution problem in most of the world.

What is most often the source of these organisms.

Back 148

Untreated or inadequately treated human or domesticated animal waste

Front 149

What is excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants due to added nutrients called?

Back 149

Eutrophication

Front 150

How does particulate matter affect water quality?

Name 4 ways.

Back 150

•Particles alter the clarity of the water.
•They cover spawning sites.
•They act as abrasives that injure organisms.
•They carry toxic materials

Front 151

What is a source of pollution readily located and identified?

What is an example of this?

Back 151

point source


–Municipal and industrial waste discharge pipes.

Front 152

–Diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban paved surfaces

–Acid rain

. . . . are called?

Back 152

Nonpoint sources

Front 153

What are the four human uses of water?

Back 153

Domestic
Agriculture
In-Stream
industrial

Front 154

How can individuals protect surface and ground waters
from non-point pollution?

Back 154

– Use less toxic or nontoxic alternatives to commonly used home chemicals.
– Buy chemicals only in the amount you intend to use, and apply them only as directed. More is not better.
– Take unwanted household chemicals to hazardous waste collection centers. Do not pour them down the drain.
– Never pour unwanted chemicals on the ground.
– Use water-based products whenever possible.
– When landscaping your yard, select native plants
that have low requirements for water, fertilizers, and pesticides.
– Test your soil before applying fertilizers.

Front 155

At one time, many detergents contained phosphates, which contributed to eutrophication.

True or False

Back 155

True

Front 156

Name a few items that are found in municipal water discharge.

Back 156

Pharmaceuticals, hormones, detergent metabolites, insecticides, fire retardants, and plasticizers, among other chemicals, also found in municipal water discharge.

Front 157

Are Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams a problem?

Back 157

Yes

Front 158

What is the primary cause of water pollution.

Back 158

Agricultural activities
including
• Excessive fertilizer use may lead to eutrophication in many aquatic habitats.
• Runoff from animal feedlots carries nutrients, organic matter, and bacteria.
• Agricultural runoff from large, open expanses is a major source of water pollution

Front 159

Agricultural runoff from large, open expanses is a major source of water pollution, but can be controlled:

Name three ways

Back 159

– Leave conservation buffer.
– Keep soil covered with crop.
– Control amount and timing of fertilizer application.

Front 160

What occurs when industry withdraws water from a source, uses it for cooling purposes, and returns heated water to its original source?

Back 160

Thermal Pollution

Front 161

Today in the industrialized world, most cooling water is not released in such a way that aquatic ecosystems are endangered.

True or False

Back 161

True

Front 162

Name two major Marine Pollution accidents.

Back 162

• The Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in 1989 and spilled 42 million liters (11 million gallons) of oil.
– This affected nearly 930 miles of coastline.
– Economic impact on the local economy was severe.
• Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico,
April 20, 2010, killed 11 people, injured 17, released 4.9 million barrels of oil (42 gallons = 1 barrel)

Front 163

Tanker accidents are spectacular, but more oil is released as a result of small, regular releases from other sources.

True or False

Back 163

True

Front 164

An international agreement was reached in 1992
that declared new oil tankers must be double- hulled.

Currently how many tankers are double hauled?

Back 164

25%

Front 165

Name 5 major sources groundwater pollution?

Back 165

Agricultural products
Underground storage tanks
Landfills
Septic tanks
Surface impoundments

Front 166

What is the mixture of organisms and other particulate matter that have settled out during the treatment process called?

Back 166

Sewage sludge

Front 167

What type of sewage treatment plants hold wastewater in settling tanks with air continuously bubbled through it, and water and sludge eventually separate out.

Back 167

Activated-sludge

Front 168

What is the additional stage that is used to remove inorganic nutrients (phosphorous and nitrogen) left after primary and secondary treatments called?

Back 168

Tertiary sewage treatment

Front 169

What is the process of transferring water from one area to another?

Back 169

Water Diversion

Front 170

What is a major consequence of diverting water for irrigation and other purposes

Back 170

water for irrigation and other purposes is water bodies downstream are deprived of their source of water.
– This often has serious ecological effects.
• Lake levels decline, affecting fish and other wildlife populations.


Front 171

What is the process by which water- soluble salt accumulates in the soil called?

Back 171

Salinization

Front 172

Almost all of the original wetlands still exist.

True or False

Back 172

False

Less than half the original wetland acreage remains.

Front 173

What do wetlands provide?

Back 173

– Wildlife spawning and breeding habitats
– Natural water filtration systems
– Slow floodwaters, permitting nutrient settling
- Floodwater control

Front 174

The energy for the hydraulic cycle is provided by

Back 174

the sun

Front 175

How is water use measured?

Back 175

By either the amount withdrawn or the
amount consumed

Front 176

Pollution from a single pipe or series of pipes is called?

Back 176

point source

Front 177

Most large urban areas depend on which of the following for their water supply?

Back 177

groundwater

Front 178

Diffuse pollutants, such as agricultural runoff that are not from a single source are called?

Back 178

nonpoint source

Front 179

Water intended for human consumption is referred to as?

Back 179

drinking water

Front 180

The largest consumptive use of water is for municipal drinking water.

True or False

Back 180

False

Front 181

By the year 2025, it is projected that _____ percent of the world's population will live in water-stressed river basins.

Back 181

48%

Front 182

What is an issue that commonly results in an international water dispute?

Back 182

quotas and water allocation to different stakeholder groups

Front 183

Plants in natural wetlands are able to remove _______ if sufficient river miles are undisturbed.

Back 183

nutrients

Front 184

Unpolluted freshwater supplies are known as?

Back 184

potable water

Front 185

"Water stress" is a situation in which disruptive water shortages can frequently occur.

True or False

Back 185

True

Front 186

An influx of organic compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus into aquatic environments can cause an increase in aquatic plant and algae growth.

True or False

Back 186

True

Front 187

What percent of sewage is treated in North America?

Back 187

90%

Front 188

Aquifer that usually occurs near the land's surface is called?

Back 188

unconfined aquifer

Front 189

Water moves through a cycle referred to as the "water yield cycle."

True or False

Back 189

False

Front 190

Which nutrient(s) stimulates algae and aquatic plant growth?

Back 190

nitrates and phosphates

Front 191

What is the Ogaliala Aquifer?

Back 191

It is a vast yet shallow underground water table aquifer located beneath the Great Plains in the United States.

One of the world's largest aquifers, it covers an area of approximately 174,000 mi² (450,000 km²) in portions of the eight states of South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas.

Front 192

Water diversion is part of the water - use planning process

True or False

Back 192

True

Front 193

A permeable layer in an artesian aquifer is called an?

Back 193

Aquitard

Front 194

What part of the waste water treatment process removes larger particles from sewage by screening or settling?

Back 194

Primary sewage treatment

Front 195

Protected forested watersheds help to maintain a steady flow of drinking water to many areas.

True or False

Back 195

True

Front 196

The amount of oxygen required to decompose organic matter is called?

Back 196

BOD

(Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

Front 197

The amount of runoff and evaporation is directly related to land use.

True or False

Back 197

True

Front 198

Agricultural runoff and mine drainage are examples of point sources of pollution.

True or False

Back 198

False

Front 199

Temperature change in the water can alter the kinds and number of plants and animals.

True or False

Back 199

True

Front 200

Treated wastewater that meets federal and state standards and drinking water standards is diverted for municipal drinking water for human consumption

True or False

Back 200

False

Front 201

Land use has an impact in how water infiltrates and on surface runoff.

True or False

Back 201

True

Front 202

What involves the removal of phosphorous and nitrogen from sewage?

Back 202

Tertiary sewage treatment

Front 203

Worldwide, the top use of water is for ________________

Back 203

Agriculture

Front 204

In which of the following college campuses is a sustainability initiative to reduce water consumption not currently underway?

Back 204

University of California at Berkeley

Front 205

Marine oil pollution is a type of water pollution

Back 205

True

Front 206

In the U. S., two agencies set the drinking water standards..... one of which is the ___________________

Back 206

Food and Drug Administration

Front 207

The Environmental Protection Agency helps regulate
water uses in the United Kingdom.

True or False

Back 207

False

Front 208

There is little difference between point and non-point source pollution.

True or False

Back 208

False

Front 209

Water that infiltrates the soil and is stored underground is called runoff.

True or False

Back 209

False

Front 210

Worldwide there is a relationship between the price of water and the amount consumed when what happens?

Back 210

When the price of water Increases and water use decreases

Front 211

Removal of water from an aquifer faster than it is replaced is caused by?

Back 211

Groundwater mining

Front 212

In the U. S. and Europe, the top use of water is for

Back 212

Industry

Front 213

What is Biodiversity?

Back 213

Biodiversity
is a broad term used to describe
the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems
in a region

Front 214

What is the elimination of all the individuals
of a particular species called?

Back 214

Extinction

Front 215

Extinction is not a natural and common event in the
history of biological evolution.

True or False

Back 215

False

Front 216

Extinction and the resulting loss of biodiversity, is a
major consequence of human domination of the Earth

True or False

Back 216

True

Front 217

Over the past few hundred years, humans are
estimated to have increased the extinction rate
by a factor of?

Back 217

1,000 to 10,000 times above
background rates typical over the planet’s
history.

Front 218

List some facts of Biodiversity Loss and Extinction

Back 218

1/8 of bird species, 1/4 of mammal species, 1/3 of
amphibian species, and 1/2 of turtle species are
threatened.

10% of the world’s coral reefs have been lost.

Mangrove forests are reduced by over 1% a year.

25% of global land is used to raise crops.

Front 219

Local extinctions, although relatively common, are an
indication of?

Back 219

the future of a species is not
encouraging

Front 220

As population is reduced in size, some of the
______________________ is likely to be lost.

Back 220

genetic diversity

Front 221

What kinds of species are more likely to go
extinct than others?

Name 4 characteristics

Back 221

•Species with small, dispersed populations
–Successful breeding is difficult.
•Organisms in small, restricted areas, such as islands.
–Environmental changes have large effect.
•Specialized organisms
–Relying on constancy of a few key factors.
•Organisms at higher trophic levels.
–Low population sizes and reproductive rates.

Front 222

Name an animal that is most likely to become extinct


Name an animal that is least likely to become extinct

Back 222

Cheetah


Raccoon

Front 223

Nearly all the Earth’s surface has been affected in some way by human activity.

True or False

Back 223

True

Front 224

As human populations grew what happened to their surroundings?

Back 224

As human populations grew, and their tools became more advanced, the impact a single human could have on surroundings increased.

Front 225

Environmental modifications allowed larger, dense human populations to survive, but at the expense of what?

Back 225

previously existing ecosystems

Front 226

What is Genetic diversity?

Back 226

Genetic diversity is a term used to describe the number of kinds of genes present in a population.

Front 227

High genetic diversity indicates what?


Clue = potato

Back 227

many different kinds of genes present in individuals of a population

Front 228

Low genetic diversity indicates?

Back 228

nearly all individuals share the same genes and therefore the same characteristics.

Front 229

Name five things that effect genetic diversity

Back 229

1. Mutations
2. Migration
3. Sexual Reproduction
4. Population Size
5. Selective Breeding

Front 230

What are Mutations in genetic diversity?

Back 230

–Introduce new genetic information into a population by modifying current genes.

Front 231

What allows movement of genes from one population to another?

Back 231

Migration

Front 232

what generates new genetic combinations?

Back 232

Sexual reproduction

Front 233

The smaller the population, the less genetic diversity it can contain.

True or False and why?

Back 233

True

–There are fewer variations for each characteristic.
–Random events can significantly alter the genetic diversity in small populations.

Front 234

What type of breeding can affect diversity because undesirable characteristics are eliminated?

Back 234

Selective

Front 235

Many domesticated plants and animals could not survive without human help.

True or False

Back 235

True

Front 236

What is Species diversity?

Back 236

Species diversity is a measure of the number of different species present in an area.

Front 237

What is Species richness?

Back 237

Species richness refers to the number of different kinds of species in an area.

Front 238

What is Taxonomic Richness?

Back 238

Taxonomic richness takes into account the number of different taxonomic categories of the species present.
–Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 239

When humans exploit an area, they influence species diversity.

Name 4 ways

Back 239

1. They convert natural ecosystems to human managed ecosystems.
–They harvest certain species for their use.
–They specifically eliminate species that compete with desirable species.
–They introduce nonnative species to an area.

2. Geological and evolutionary history of a region impacts species diversity.
-Glaciers

3.Migration -nonnative species

4, Size of area –in general larger area, larger species diversity

Front 240

What is the estimate range of number of species?

How many species have been described?

Why is it it hard to determine the number?

Back 240

Estimates of the actual number of species range from a few million to 100 million.
•About 1.4 million species have been described.
–Many species are naturally rare, and others live in areas difficult to reach.

Front 241

What is Ecosystem diversity ?

Back 241

Ecosystem diversity is a measure of the number of kinds of ecosystems present in an area.

Front 242

Many regions of the world appear to be quite uniform in terms of the kinds of ecosystems present.

List an example

Back 242

•For example, many parts of the world are deserts:
–While there are general similarities, each is different and has specific organisms typical to the region.
–Local topographic conditions create unique patches of landscape.

Front 243

What would an example of a pocket diversity be?

Back 243

Pockets of diversity –e.g. stream, spring or other water source creates diversity within the desert.

Front 244

Humans are totally dependent on the diversity of organisms on Earth.

Name a few examples of this

Back 244

•Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the roots of certain plants.
•Soil-building organisms live on the dead organic matter provided by plants and animals.
•It is impossible for organisms to function optimally unless it has its supporting cast of players that are part of the ecosystem.

Front 245

What is Nutrient cycling

Back 245

•Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other chemical elements are cycled through ecosystems.

Front 246

What would be an example of the value of biodiversity in Cultural Uses?

Back 246

•Enjoyment of landscapes, individual organisms, scientific study, educational activities, and the spiritual significance of places.

Front 247

Why is Water regulation and supply important?

Name two reasons

Back 247

•Intact soil and vegetation slow water flow, allowing it to penetrate the soil and recharge aquifers.
•Water is available for agriculture, industry, and domestic use.

Front 248

Explain Disturbance regulation and erosion control

Back 248

•Land can be disturbed by fire, flood, windstorms, landslides, or human actions.
•Colonization of these sites by plants and animals heals the scars and prevents continued damage.

Front 249

What is waste treatment?

Back 249

Waste Treatment
•Decomposer organisms remove excess nutrients and pollutants from air, water, and soil.

Front 250

What is the importance of Food and Raw Materials?

Back 250

•Many people harvest wild plants and animals as food and medicine. Plants feed livestock, provide building materials, and firewood.

Front 251

Humans are totally dependent on the diversity of organisms on Earth.

Name different ways we are dependent - there are 13 broad categories.

Back 251

1. Nutrient Cycling
2. Cultural Uses
3. Water Regulation and Supply
4. Disturbance Regulation and Erosion Control
5. Waste Treatment
6. Food and Raw Materials
7. Atmospheric and Climate Services
8. Recreation
9. Biological Control Services
10. Pollination Services
11. Habitat Refuges
12. Genetic Resources
13 Soil Formation

Front 252

What is the importance of Atmospheric and Climate Services

Back 252

Atmospheric and Climate Services
•Many atmospheric gases are cycled between organisms and the atmosphere.
–Removal of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis helps control the warming of the planet.
–Nitrogen and sulfur are modified by organisms.
–Ozone provides protection from UV light

Front 253

What percent of our common drugs come from plants and animals?

Back 253

50%

Front 254

Choices between competing uses for ecosystems are often determined by economic values.

True or False

Back 254

True

Front 255

What is biocentric preservation?

Back 255

A case can be made that all species have an intrinsic value and a fundamental right to exist

•Extinction is not necessarily bad, but human-initiated extinction is.
•Experiencing natural landscapes and processes is an important human right.

Front 256

The values held by a person are typically
shaped by experience. As our society shifts from rural living to urban living what is happening?

Back 256

As the shift from rural to urban continues, there is
continual erosion of natural experiences that can
shape the values of people.
• These values are important in determining how
society will approach threats to biodiversity.

Front 257

Five major human activities threaten to reduce
biodiversity.

What are they?

Back 257

• Habitat loss
• Overexploitation
• Introduction of exotic species
• Predator and pest control activities
• Climate change

Front 258

The International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources (IUCN) estimates that ________________ of threatened species are under threat as a result of habitat loss or fragmentation.

Back 258

80% - 90%

Front 259

Habitat loss and fragmentation are thought to be a
major cause of past extinctions.

True or False
Why?

Back 259

True

• About 40% of the world’s land surface has been converted to cropland and permanent pasture.
• Typically, the most productive natural ecosystems (forests and grasslands) are the first to be modified by humans.
• Pressures to modify the environment are greatest in areas with high population density

Front 260

Originally, half of the U.S., three-fourths of
Canada, and almost all of Europe, and
significant portions of the rest of the world were
forested.

True or False

Back 260

True

Front 261

What is Deforestation?

Back 261

Deforestation is the process of destroying a
forest, often for the purposes of fuel, building
materials, or to clear land for farming.

Front 262

Modern forest management practices involve a
compromise that allows economic exploitation while
maintaining some environmental values of the
forest.

Name 4 things that effectively forested areas do.

Back 262

– Reduce erosion.
– Reduce runoff.
– Modify the climate.
– Provide recreational opportunities

Front 263

What is the Golden Toad?

Back 263

The Golden Toad was described in 1966. Since 1989,
not a single Golden Toad has been seen anywhere in the
world, and it is classified by the IUCN as an extinct
species.

Front 264

What is removal of all trees in an area called?

It is economical but increases erosion, especially on steep slopes.

Back 264

Clear cutting

Front 265

What is clear cutting in small, unconnected patches called?

It preserves biodiversity

Back 265

Patchwork clear cutting

Front 266

What is single species tree harvesting called?

It is not as economical, but reduces ecosystem damage.

Back 266

Selective harvesting

Front 267

What ecosystem has the greatest species diversity?

Back 267

Tropical forests have greater species diversity than any other ecosystem.
BUT . . . . .
•They are not as likely as temperate forests to regenerate after logging due to poor soil characteristics.
•Currently, few tropical forests are being managed for long-term productivity.

Front 268

Several concerns are raised by tropical deforestation, name them. (5)

Back 268

•It significantly reduces species diversity in the world.
•It impacts the climate via lowered transpiration.
•Deforested lands are easily eroded.
•Without the forests to trap CO2, there may be increased global warming.
•Human population pressure is greatest in tropics, and still increasing

Front 269

Many lumber companies maintain forest plantations as crops and manage them in the same way farmers manage crops.

How is this done? and what are drawbacks?

Back 269

•Plant single species, even-aged forests of fast growing hybrid trees.

•Competing species are controlled by fire, and insects controlled by spraying.

•Trees mature to harvestable size in as low as 20 years (vs. 100).

–Quality of lumber reduced.

–Low species diversity and wildlife value.

Front 270

What are Rangelands?

Where are they used?

Is wildlife native to these regions?

Back 270

Rangelands are lands too dry to support crops, but receive enough precipitation to support grasses and drought-resistant shrubs.

They are often used to raise low-density populations of domesticated or semi-domesticated animals

No, Wildlife are usually introduced species not native to the region.

Front 271

The conversion of rangelands to grazing by domesticated animals has major impacts on biodiversity.

What are the impacts?

Back 271

•Selective eating habits of livestock tend to reduce certain species of native plants and encourage others.

•Important to regulate number of livestock on rangelands, especially in dry areas.

–Overgrazing is a severe problem where human population pressures are great.

–Desertification is the process of converting arid or semiarid land to desert because of improper human use.

Front 272

In marine ecosystems, much of the harvest is restricted to shallow parts of the ocean where bottom-dwelling fish can be easily harvested.

True or False

Back 272

True

Front 273

What is a "Trawl"

Back 273

Trawls are nets dragged along the bottom

Front 274

How do Trawls harm the marine ecosystem?

Back 274

•They disturb the seafloor and cause habitat damage.
•About 25% of catch is undesirable, and thus discarded, but they are usually dead, and their removal further alters the ecological nature of the seafloor.

Front 275

Freshwater systems are often modified for navigation, irrigation, flood control, or power production.

How do these modification effect the ecosystem?

Back 275

All of these processes may alter natural ecosystems and change numbers or kinds of aquatic organisms present.

Front 276

About 4.3% of U.S. land is developed as urban centers, industrial sites, and transportation infrastructure.

How is this a threat to Biodiversity?

Back 276

•Many areas are covered with impermeable surfaces that prevent plant growth and divert rainfall.

•The trend is toward greater urbanization.

Front 277

When does Overexploitation occur?

Back 277

•Over-exploitation occurs when humans harvest organisms faster than the organisms are able to reproduce, threatening some, and causing extinction in others

Front 278

According to the IUCN, what is responsible for over 30% of endangered animal species and 8% of endangered plant species.

Back 278

Over-exploitation

Front 279

U.N. estimates 70% of world’s marine fisheries are over-exploited or are fully exploited and in danger of being over-exploited.


True or False

Back 279

True

Front 280

What is becoming an increasingly important as a source of fish production?

Back 280

Fish farming (aquaculture)

Front 281

Currently, about 60% of all aquaculture production is from freshwater systems.

The environmental impacts are similar to those of marine systems what are they?

Back 281

•Nutrient overloads
•Escape into natural waters
•Land conversion

Front 282

Meat from wild animals is often referred to as?

Back 282

Meat from wild animals is often referred to as bush meat.

Front 283

The Wildlife Conservation Society estimates 70% of wildlife species in Asia and Africa and about 40% of species in Latin America are being hunted unsustainable.

Back 283

•Hunting of wildlife is a part of all subsistence cultures.
•Many kinds of wildlife are considered delicacies and are highly prized for the home and restaurant trade.

Front 284

Harvest of living animals for the pet and aquarium trade is a significant problem why?

Back 284

•The method of capture is often problematic.
–Destruction of bird nests.
–Toxins used to stun fish.

Front 285

Wildlife are also hunted because parts of the animal may have particular value.

Name 2 items of perceived value?

Back 285

–Ivory and animal skins
–Traditional medicines

Front 286

Some introductions of exotic species are purposeful, while others are accidental.

True or False

Back 286

True

Front 287

The IUCN estimates about 30% of birds and 15% of plants are threatened because they are unable to successfully compete against invasive (exotic) species.

True or False

Back 287

True

Front 288

What is the IUCN?

Back 288

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Front 289

What are a few examples of Invasive Species?

Back 289

•Kudzu Vine
•Water hyacinth
•Zebra Mussels
•Asian Long-Horned Beetles
•Water milfoil

Front 290

What are threats to biodiversity and some examples of each?
name 4

Back 290

1, Disease and Pollution
•Introduction of disease has had considerable impact on American forests.
–Chestnut blight
–Dutch elm disease

2. Various insects have had an effect on ecosystem structure.
–Asian long horned beetle
–Emerald beetle (ash trees)

3. Freshwater ecosystems have been greatly affected.
–Zebra mussel

4. Toxic Pollutants –DDT, Lead, Pesticides

Front 291

Systematic killing of certain organisms that interfere with human activities also results in reduced biodiversity.

What is an example of this?

Back 291

•Large predators have been locally exterminated because they preyed on domestic animals.

•Passenger pigeons became extinct because of over harvesting (post 1860) and increased conversion of forested land.

Front 292

Predator and competitor control activities have been largely eliminated in North America.

True or False

Back 292

True

–Hunting and trapping of wolves in Alaska and Canada is an exception.

Front 293

What has been used to enhance breeding success of Kirtland’s warblers.

Back 293

Control of cowbird populations

Front 294

Many species live near the limit of their physiological tolerance. A slight change in the temperature may push them over the brink.

True or False

Back 294

True

Front 295

What species are effected greatly by climate change?

Back 295

Amphibians, corals, and arctic species are greatly affected by climate change.

Front 296

The role of climate change on the survival of species has become an issue.
What has happened to frogs and migration patterns?

Back 296

–Planet warming may have caused a fungal disease in frogs.
–Melting sea ice is changing migration patterns and food availability.

Front 297

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) lists over ______________species as threatened with extinction?

Back 297

16,000

Front 298

IUCN classifies species in danger of extinction into four categories:

What are they?

Back 298

1. Endangered
2. Vulnerable
3. Rare
4. Indeterminate

Front 299

What Is Being Done to Preserve Biodiversity?

Back 299

In the U.S., the primary action related to the preservation of biodiversity involved the passage of the Endangered Species Act (1973).

This legislation designates species as endangered or threatened and gives the U.S. government jurisdiction over those species.

•Directs that no activity by a government agency should lead to the extinction of an endangered species.
•Directs government agencies to use whatever means necessary to preserve the species in question.

Front 300

Why is the loss of biodiversity not a high priority for the general public in developing countries?

Back 300

They are more concerned with immediate needs of food and shelter than long-range issues such as species extinction.

Front 301

Awareness and concern about loss of biodiversity is high in many developed countries.

What is the result of this concern?

Back 301

Most vulnerable species in these areas have already been eliminated.

Front 302

Endangered species are?


•Currently there are about ____________

Back 302

those that have such small numbers that they are in immediate danger of becoming extinct.

Currently about 1,300 species

Front 303

Threatened species could become extinct if a critical environmental factor is changed.

Back 303

•The preservation question ultimately becomes one of assigning value to the species.

•Amendments to ESA have weakened ability of U.S. government to add new species to the list.

Front 304

Explain Habitat Analysis and Management

Back 304

•Managing a particular species requires an understanding of the habitat needs of that species.

•An animal’s habitat must provide food, water, and cover.
–Cover conceals or protects animals from the elements or enemies.
–Minimum Viable Population

•Modifications made to enhance the success of a species are known as habitat management

Front 305

Game species are often managed so they do not exceed carrying capacity of their habitat.

True or False

Back 305

True

Front 306

Wildlife managers use population censuses to check if populations are within appropriate levels.

True or False

Back 306

True

Front 307

With suitable habitat and protection, most wild animals can maintain a sizable population.

True or False

Back 307

True

Front 308

High reproductive capacities and heavy protection have caused very large populations to arise from once-rare animals.

True or False

Back 308

True

Front 309

Migratory birds can travel thousands of kilometers.

True or False

Back 309

True

Front 310

How do migratory birds travel?

Back 310

•They travel north in spring to reproduce.
•They travel south in fall to escape cold temperatures.

Front 311

International agreements may be necessary to maintain appropriate habitat.

True or False

Back 311

True

Front 312

What regions are most productive regions of the oceans and why?

Back 312

Coastal regions are most productive regions of the oceans.
•Sunlight penetration of shallow water makes it warm.
•Nutrient deposition from land makes this region fertile.
•Wind/wave action stirs nutrients.

Front 313

One of the major problems associated with the management of marine fisheries is achieving agreement on harvest limits.

True or False

Back 313

True

Front 314

Where is fishing pressure concentrated?

Back 314

Coastal regions

Front 315

Humans have easy access to freshwater ecosystems, so management of these systems is not as intense.

True or False

Back 315

False

management of these systems is much more intense.

Front 316

Many North American freshwater fisheries are primarily managed for sport fishery.

True or False

Back 316

True

Front 317

Functioning ecosystems and their component organisms provide many valuable services that are often overlooked because they are not easily measured in economic terms.

True or False

Back 317

True

Front 318

Many people also consider the loss of biodiversity to be an ethical problem.

True or False

Back 318

True

Front 319

The primary causes of habitat loss are by:

Four things - name them.

Back 319

•Humans converting ecosystems to agriculture and grazing.
•Over-exploitation by harvesting species at unsustainable levels.
•Introduction of exotic species that disrupt ecosystems and compete or prey on native organisms.
•Purposeful killing of pest organisms such as large predators.

Front 320

Protection of biodiversity typically involves legal protections by national laws and international agreements, and management of the use of species and ecosystems at sustainable levels.

True or False

Back 320

True

Front 321

Which is the greatest cause of extinction?

Back 321

habitat alteration

Front 322

Grazing of arid and semiarid lands provides little value or food to the people of that area.

True or False

Back 322

False

Front 323

What invasive species is an external parasite of lake trout and decimated populations for more than 20 years?

Back 323

lamprey

Front 324

Waterfowl present special wildlife management problems because

Back 324

they are migratory

Front 325

Generalized niche is NOT a characteristic of a species likely to become extinct?

True or False

Back 325

True

Front 326

The Endangered Species Act of 1973

Back 326

gave the federal government jurisdiction over any species that were designated as endangered.

Front 327

Impact to ecosystems from human activity has sometimes been referred to as

Back 327

"Engineered ecologies."

Front 328

The introduction of exotic species into a freshwater ecosystem generally increases the population of the native species.

True or False

Back 328

False

Front 329

The taxonomic group that displays the greatest biodiversity is

Back 329

insects.

Front 330

Elimination of all of the individuals of a species.

Back 330

extinction

Front 331

Extinction of a species in one area of its range is called

Back 331

local extinction.

Front 332

Due to isolation there is a high degree of endemism in species occupying river systems.

True or False

Back 332

True

Front 333

In the past few hundred years, global trade and tourism have in many ways rendered natural barriers ineffective, allowing non-native species to travel vast distances.

True or False

Back 333

True

Front 334

Process of developing a new species.

Back 334

speciation

Front 335

There is very little that a person can do to help control the spread of exotic species.

True or False

Back 335

False

Front 336

Any change in the DNA of an organism is called?

Back 336

mutation

Front 337

Over the past few hundred years, humans have increased the species extinction rate by as much as

Back 337

1000 times.

Front 338

Those species that could become extinct if a critical factor in their environment were changed.

Back 338

threatened species

Front 339

If trees are removed from a streamside, the water is likely to become warmer.

True or False

Back 339

True

Front 340

Forest harvesting method in which patches of trees are clear-cut among patches of timber that are uncut.

Back 340

patchwork clear-cutting

Front 341

Large populations have less genetic diversity than small populations.

True or False

Back 341

False

Front 342

Sport hunting seasons are regulated to the fall so that

Back 342

surplus animals are taken before the challenges of winter.

Front 343

Process of changing the natural community to encourage the increase in populations of certain desirable species is called?

Back 343

Habitat management

Front 344

High genetic diversity means that almost all of the individuals of a population have the same characteristics

True or False

Back 344

False

Front 345

Many migratory Waterfowl

Back 345

Mate in Canada and winter in Mexico

Front 346

Biodiversity hotspot is

Back 346

An area where the most endangered habitat are found

Front 347

Environmental impacts from freshwater aquaculture include

Back 347

Nutrient overload and escape of exotic species

Front 348

Species are more likely to become extinct if they

Back 348

Have both low population density and reproductive rate

Front 349

As the human population increases extinction rates also increase

True or False

Back 349

True

Front 350

Salmon introduction in the Great Lakes has brought in millions of dollars from sport fishing, yet environmentally it has

Back 350

Decreases native fish populations and disrupted spawning

Front 351

_________________ is an organization that certifies whether or not products are dolphin - safe.

Back 351

The Earth Island Institute

Front 352

Humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively in the last 50 years than in any other period

True or False

Back 352

True

Front 353

World fish harvests have remained constant since 1989 which indicates

Back 353

Fisheries have been exploited to their capacity

Front 354

What happens if a species have both low population density and low reproductive rate

Back 354

Species are more likely to become extinct