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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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leaf structure |
- cuticle - upper & lower epidermis - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll - stomata - vascular bundles |
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properties of cuticle |
waxy to reduce water loss from leaf surface |
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properties of epidermis |
protects cell from mechanical damage |
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properties of palisade mesophyll |
lined along upper epidermis contains chloroplasts |
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properties of spongy mesophyll |
loosley arranged in intercellular air space
allows diffusion of CO2 |
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properties of stomata |
gaseous exchange when guard cells are turgid, stomata open when guard cells are flaccid, stomata closes |
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properties of vascular bundles |
transport water for photosynthesis to leaf transport food from leaf to rest of plant
provide mechanical support |
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chloroplast structure |
- thylakoid, granum, stroma - thylakoid contains chlorophyll - stroma is the liquid in chloroplasts - contains starch grains, lipid droplets & ribosomes |
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photosynthesis |
6CO2+6H2O+energy -> C6H12O6+6O2 consists of light-dependent & light-independent stage |
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light-dependent stage |
occurs in thylakoids 1) photolysis + oxidation of NADH 2) substrate level phosphorylation |
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light-independent stage |
- AKA Calvin cycle - takes place in stroma (in low or no light) - uses ATP & NADH from light-dependent stage 1) carbon fixation w RuBP 2) reduction of triphosphate 3) regeneration of RuBP |
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limiting factors |
1) light intensity 2) CO2 concentration 3) temperature |
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phloem |
consists of sieve tubes & companion cells sieve tubes - lined end-to-end to allow flow of sap - little cytoplasm & no nucleus to maximise space companion cells - contain mitochondria to produce energy for active transport |
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xylem |
- made of dead cells - long & hollow - lined with lignin for structural support |
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transpiration |
- process by which water vapour is lost from aerial parts of plant due to evaporation of water - at surface of spongy mesophyll cells into air spaces - via stomata out of leaf |
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transpiration stream |
- flow of water up stem - strong cohesion forces between individual H2O molecules - strong adhesion forces by which individual water molecules cling to surrounding materials and surfaces |
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factors of transpiration |
1) humidity 2) temperature 3) wind 4) light intensity 5) water supply |
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aerobic respiration |
glucose + O2 -> CO2 + 6H2O + energy 1) glycolysis 2) link reaction 3) krebs cycle 4) electron transport chain |
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glycolysis |
- location : cytosol - 4 stages : substrate level phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation, ATO synthesis - output : 2 ATP + 2 NADH
this stage does not require oxygen |
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link reaction |
- location : mitochondrial matrix - oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate - decarboxylation : CO2 removed from pyruvate - oxidation : transfer of electron from pyruvate to NAD to form NADH - 2 pyruvate is converted to 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH |
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krebs cycle |
location : mitochondria matrix
1) acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate + CoA (reused in link reaction) 2) citrate -> oxaloacetate (not impt just know oxaloacetate is regenerated to repeat cycle) |
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electron transport chain |
- location : inner mitochondrial membrane - 2 parts : oxidative phosphorylation + chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation - oxidation of NADH & FADH2, H electrons are transported down a gradient - oxygen is the final electron accepter chemiosmosis - protons are moved to intermembranal space through ATP synthase using energy from ETC |
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anaerobic respiration |
- does NOT require oxygen - 2 types : alcoholic fermentation + lactica acid fermentation - in absence of oxygen, final electron acceptor for ETC is absent - oxygen is replaced by ethanal (alcoholic fermentation) & pyruvate (lactic acid fermentation) - yields small amount of energy yields small amount of energy yields small amount of energy |
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anaerobic respiration |
- does NOT require oxygen - 2 types : alcoholic fermentation + lactica acid fermentation - in absence of oxygen, final electron acceptor for ETC is absent - oxygen is replaced by ethanal (alcoholic fermentation) & pyruvate (lactic acid fermentation) - yields small amount of energy |
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important structures in respiratory system |
bronchi : large tube bringing air to alveoli bronchioles : smaller tubes to individual alveoli trachea + bronchi : secrete mucus to trap dust ciliated epithelium : sweeps mucus into cavity to be swallowed |
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ventilation of lungs |
air drawn in when air pressure in the lungs is lower than atmosphere air is blown out when air pressure in lungs is higher than atmosphere |
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inhalation |
1) rib cage expands 2) rib muscles contract 3) diaphragm contracts & moves down 4) thorax contracts (volume decreases, pressure increases) |
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exhalation |
1) rib cage shrinks 2) rib muscles relax 3) diaphragm relaxes and moves up 4) thorax expands (volume increases, pressure decreases) |
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alveolar structure |
1) one-cell thick = short diffusion distance 2) rich supply of capillaries = maintain steep concentration gradient of gases 3) thin film of moisture inside alveolus = allows oxygen to dissolve, keep alveolar wall flexible |
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absorption of oxygen |
1) one-cell thick alveolar wall is permeable to O2 & CO2 2) alveolar wall has higher concentration of O2 than blood & O2 diffuses out 3) O2 combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin 4) blood passes through O2-poor tissues and oxyhaemoglobin releases O2 |
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removal of carbon dioxide |
1) tissues produce CO2 after respiration 2) CO2 reacts with H2O to form H2CO3 with carbonic anhydrase 3) H2CO3 is converted to bicarbonate ions 4) in lungs, bicarbonate ions are converted back to H2C03 then converted back to CO2 and H20 5) CO2 diffuses from capillaries to alveoli then expelled during exhalation |
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harmful components of smoking |
1) tar - lung/nose/throat cancer - damages DNA leading to uncontrolled cell division 2) nicotine - increase heart rate & blood pressure - causses addiction - causes blood clots in arteries 3) carbon monoxide - forms carboxyhaemoglobin (haemoglobin now useless) - less haemoglobin to transport oxygen 4) irritants - paralyses cilia in airways - dust cannot be removed |
