Endocrine System

Front 1

In Type II diabetes blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because
A) too much insulin is released.
B) the kidneys are not working.
C) no insulin in released.
D) muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.

Back 1

D

Front 2

The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes
A) oral thiazolidinedione.
B) insulin.
C) metformin.
D) dialysis.

Back 2

B

Front 3

In Type I diabetes blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because
A) too much insulin is released.
B) protein is converted to glucose.
C) no insulin is released.
D) the kidneys are not working.

Back 3

C

Front 4

Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to
A) increase far above normal.
B) return to about normal.
C) decrease far below normal.
D) convert to protein.

Back 4

B

Front 5

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels
A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) do not change.
D) disappear.

Back 5

A

Front 6

Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the
A) hypothalamus.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) kidney.
E) cerebellum.

Back 6

A

Front 7

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the
A) hypothalamus.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) kidney.
E) cerebellum.

Back 7

C

Front 8

ADH functions to
A) increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation.
B) increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.
C) decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation.
D) decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.
E) decrease urine volume output, but has no effect on blood vessels.

Back 8

D

Front 9

ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration.
A) True
B) False

Back 9

A

Front 10

ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream.
A) True
B) False

Back 10

A

Front 11

Lipid soluble hormones...
A) require a membrane receptor protein to enter the cell.
B) diffuse through the cell membrane.
C) enter the cell through active transport.
D) work as ligands on the surface of the cell membrane.
E) require specific gates to pass through the cell membrane.

Back 11

B

Front 12

Once inside of the cell, these lipid soluble hormones...
A) bind with a DNA molecule.
B) bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the nucleus.
C) bind with a mRNA molecule.
D) bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm.
E) bind with a ribosome.

Back 12

D

Front 13

When the lipid soluble hormones bind with a receptor in the cell
A) the DNA-hormone complex produces mRNA molecules.
B) the receptor-hormone complex binds with a mRNA molecule to produce a DNA molecule.
C) the hormone-mRNA complex enters the cytoplasm and produces proteins.
D) the receptor-hormone complex binds with a DNA molecule to produce a mRNA molecule.
E) the hormone-ribosome complex produce proteins.

Back 13

D

Front 14

The ultimate result of lipid-soluble hormones on cells is the production of proteins.
A) True
B) False

Back 14

A

Front 15

The mRNA molecule moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binds to a ribosome where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins.
A) True
B) False

Back 15

B

Front 16

Steroid hormones bind to
A) carbohydrate receptors on the cell membrane of the target cell.
B) carbohydrate receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell.
C) protein receptors on the cell membrane of the target cell.
D) protein receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell.
E) protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.

Back 16

E

Front 17

The steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to
A) hormone response elements in DNA.
B) hormone response elements in mRNA.
C) hormone response elements on proteins.
D) ribosomes to stimulate translation.
E) the cell membrane thereby increasing its permeability.

Back 17

A

Front 18

The mode of action of steroid hormones involves
A) a second messenger.
B) modification of enzyme activity.
C) stimulation of DNA replication.
D) stimulation of mRNA transcription.
E) inhibition of protein synthesis.

Back 18

D

Front 19

Steroid hormones travel in the blood attached to protein carriers.
A) True
B) False

Back 19

A

Front 20

Steroid hormones are water-soluble.
A) True
B) False

Back 20

F

Front 21

The alpha subunit of the G-protein is activated by...
A) separating from the gamma and beta subunits.
B) the G-protein changing conformation.
C) binding to the calcium ions.
D) replacing the GDP with GTP.
E) replacing the GTP with GDP.

Back 21

D

Front 22

The activated alpha subunit then binds to...
A) the calcium ion channel.
B) the calcium ions.
C) the gamma and beta subunits.
D) GDP
E) GTP

Back 22

A

Front 23

When alpha subunit binds to a calcium ion channel
A) the calcium channel opens and calcium ions leave the cell.
B) the calcium channel opens and calcium ions enter the cell.
C) the calcium channel closes.
D) the calcium ions bind to calmodulin.
E) the calcium ions bind to the ligand receptor site.

Back 23

B

Front 24

The G-protein changes conformation when the GTP replaces the GDP on the alpha subunit.
A) True
B) False

Back 24

B

Front 25

The combination of the calcium and the calmodulin produces the response of the cell to the ligand.
A) True
B) False

Back 25

A

Front 26

A ligand is...
A) a small molecule that binds to the alpha subunit of the G-protein.
B) a small molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor.
C) a large molecule that binds to the alpha subunit of the G-protein.
D) a large molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor.
E) a small molecule that binds to a G-protein.

Back 26

B

Front 27

Initially, bound to the alpha subunit of the G-protein is...
A) a ligand.
B) a GTP molecule.
C) a GDP molecule.
D) an ADP molecule.
E) a GTO molecule.

Back 27

C

Front 28

As a result of the ligand binding to its site...
A) the G-protein changes conformation and GTP replaces the GDP on the alpha subunit.
B) the G-protein changes conformation and the alpha subunit separates from the beta and gamma subunits.
C) the G-protein changes conformation and GDP replaces the GTP on the alpha subunit.
D) the G-protein changes conformation and the alpha subunit rejoins the beta and gamma subunits.
E) the G-protein changes conformation and GTO replaces the GTP on the alpha subunit.

Back 28

A

Front 29

The alpha subunit’s separatism from the remainder of the G-protein can be repeated as long as the ligand is bound to the receptor.
A) True
B) False

Back 29

A

Front 30

Inactivation of the alpha subunit occurs when its own phosphorylase activity removes a phosphate from the GTP.
A) True
B) False

Back 30

A

Front 31

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
A) progesterone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) gonadotropin releasing hormone
D) estrogen
E) gonadotropin

Back 31

D

Front 32

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of that positive feedback loop between it and the ovary?
A) progesterone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) gonadotropin releasing hormone
D) estrogen
E) gonadotropin

Back 32

B

Front 33

Which of the following hormones is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
A) progesterone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) gonadotropin releasing hormone
D) estrogen
E) gonadotropin

Back 33

A

Front 34

A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.
A) True
B) False

Back 34

A

Front 35

A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
A) True
B) False

Back 35

A

Front 36

Before ovulation, small amounts of estrogen are released by...
A) the ovaries.
B) the corpus luteum.
C) the anterior pituitary.
D) the hypothalamus.
E) the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

Back 36

A

Front 37

This stimulates the release of GnRH from...
A) the ovaries.
B) the corpus luteum.
C) the anterior pituitary.
D) the hypothalamus.
E) the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

Back 37

D

Front 38

After ovulation, progesterone is produced by...
A) the ovaries.
B) the corpus luteum.
C) the anterior pituitary.
D) the hypothalamus.
E) the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

Back 38

B

Front 39

Progesterone has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.
A) True
B) False

Back 39

A

Front 40

Estrogen has a positive-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.
A) True
B) False

Back 40

A

Front 41

The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme
A) adenylyl cyclase.
B) cAMP phoshodiesterase.
C) ATPase.
D) ligase.
E) phosphorylase.

Back 41

A

Front 42

The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates a(n)
A) A protein.
B) D protein.
C) G protein.
D) K protein.
E) M protein.

Back 42

C

Front 43

The enzyme α-kinase adds ________ to proteins.
A) acetates
B) benzoats
C) carbonates
D) phosphates
E) hydroxyls

Back 43

D

Front 44

Epinephrine has to cross the cell membrane to bind to its receptor in the cytoplasm.
A) True
B) False

Back 44

B

Front 45

The second messenger cAMP is made from ADP.
A) True
B) False

Back 45

B