Emt: Brady Emergency Care 12Th Ed. Ch 6 Pathophysiology

Front 1

define metabolism

Back 1

cellular function of converting nutrients into energy.

Front 2

electrolyte

Back 2

substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charge particles. the movement of charged particles allows nerve transmission and depolarization.

Front 3

define aerobic metabolism

Back 3

process of oxygen used to metabolize glucose. energy produced in efficient manner with little waste

Front 4

define anaerobic metabolism.

Back 4

when glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. inefficient and many waste products.

Front 5

FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen)

Back 5

concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe in is referred to as fraction of inspired oxygen.
(usually 21% O2).

Front 6

define patent

Back 6

open and clear airway, free from obstruction.

Front 7

possible causes of upper airway obstructions (above trachea)

Back 7

1. foreign bodies - choking
2. infection
3. trauma or burns that cause the soft tissue of larynx to swell

Front 8

define tidal volume

Back 8

volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

Front 9

minute volume

Back 9

multiply tidal volume by respiratory rate (breaths in 1 minute) to obtain minute volume, amount of air that gets in and out in 1 minute

Front 10

define dead air space

Back 10

150ml of normal tidal volume occupies space between mouth and alveoli, never reaches area of gas exchange.

Front 11

section of the brain that controls respiration?
what can disrupt this area?

Back 11

medulla oblongata. stroke and infection can disrupt its function, as well as toxins and drugs. brain trauma, spinal injuries and intracranial pressure can affect it.

Front 12

area between the lung tissue and chest wall?
what can accumulate here after injury, which could do what?
what happens if a hole is created in the chest wall or lung?

Back 12

pleural space - usually contains fluid between lungs and chest wall.
can acumulate blood and air, forcing the lung to collapse.
if hole is created, pressure necessary for breathing is disrupted and minute volume will be impaired. can allow air to accumulate in pleural space and collapse a lung.

Front 13

define hypoxia

Back 13

low oxygen

Front 14

define hypercapnia

Back 14

high carbon dixoide

Front 15

what can disrupt lung function?

Back 15

trauma - lung tissue is displaced or destroyed
congestive heart failure and sepsis can impair the alveoli functions.

Front 16

define chemoreceptors

Back 16

chemical sensors in brain and blood vessels that measure changing levels of O2 and CO2.

Front 17

most obvious sign of respiratory system distress

Back 17

increase in respiratory rate

Front 18

define plasma oncotic pressure

Back 18

large proteins in blood plasma attract water away from around cells and pull it into blood stream.
counterbalanced by pressure created inside vessels when heart beats.

Front 19

define hydrostatic pressure.

Back 19

pressure within blood vessel that pushed water out of the vessel.

Front 20

what happens in liver-failure patients in terms of blood pressure?

Back 20

albumin (large protein in plasma) is created by liver.
without it, water freely leaves the bloodstream and accumulates around cells. leads to dehydration of blood and massive edema (swelling) of patient.

Front 21

define stretch receptors

Back 21

sensors in blood vessel that identifies internal pressure. adjusts smooth muscle in vessel in response to loss of volume or excess volume.

Front 22

what can cause uncontrolled dilation of blood vessels (what is this called?) and what would be the effects?

Back 22

Vasodilation.
injuries to brain and spinal cord, or systemic infections (sepsis), also severe allergic reactions.

internal pressure would seriously drop.

Front 23

what can cause capillaries to become too permeable ?

Back 23

sepsis and some diseases.

Front 24

define systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

chronic smoking, drugs, genetics can cause _________ and therefore ______ pressure level, which is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.

Back 24

pressure inside the vessels that the heart has to pump against.

chronic smoking, drugs, genetics can cause abnormal constriction of peripheral blood vessels and therefore unhealthy high pressure level, which is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.

Front 25

define stroke volume.

Back 25

amt of blood ejected from heart in one contraction (~60ml)

Front 26

define preload in terms of heart

Back 26

how much blood is returned to heart prior to contraction, how much it is filled. greater its filled, greater the stroke volume

Front 27

define contractility

Back 27

force of contraction, how hard the heart squeezes. more forceful = greater stroke volume.

Front 28

define afterload

Back 28

(vascular resistance)
how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force the blood out into the system. greater the pressure = lower stroke volume

Front 29

define cardiac output

Back 29

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output, how much blood is pumped in one minute.

very fast heart rates actually decrease stroke volumes because limits the filling of the heart

Front 30

besides digestive complications, vomiting can be a sign of ?

Back 30

myocardial infarction (heart attack)
stroke

Front 31

another word for allergic reaction?

Back 31

hypersensitivity