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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
History of computing: Part1: ancient history: up to 1930 |
Origins of digital computers Origins of computational methods Early calculating machines Jacquard Loom George boole |
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Origins of digital computers: |
Abacus is earliest computing device designed to aid numeric computation Developed in Babylonia Considered as finger powered pocket calculator |
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Origins of computational methods: |
Algorithm |
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What is algorithm? |
•A finit set of unambiguous instructions to solve a problem |
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Euclidean algorithm |
Used for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers |
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Seive of Eratosthenes: |
Used for finding prime numbers |
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Origins of calculating machines: |
Manual or mechanical Ex. Slide rule used in science and engineering Mechanical calculators |
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Jacquard Loom: |
•punched cards for define complex patterns woven into textiles •punch cards used to code computer programs |
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George Boole |
•Boolean algebra •logical foundation of digital computing circuitry |
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Part II: |
Birth of the electronic computer 1930 to 1951 |
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Claude Shannon: |
• father of modern information age •introduced application of boolean logic •published mathematical theory of communication |
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Von neumann Architecture: |
•stored program •binary internal coding •CPU-memory-I/O organization •fetch-decode-execute instruction cycle |
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Von neumann architecture: |
•earlier computers hard wired to do one task, re wired for different •stored program computer can run different programs •basis for modern computers |
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Alan turing |
•Led the world war II research group to broke the code of engima machine •the turing machine •devised the Turing test for artificial intelligence |
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The Turing machine: |
A simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability |
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The Engima machine: |
•sophisticated code system in Germany •priority fo Allies to break it •invented in 1918 |
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Alan Turing and his Colossus: |
Constructed an electronic computing machine to decrypt German coded mesaages |
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What is the first electronic general-purpose computer? |
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer |
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ENIAC properties: |
•Noted for massive scale and redundant design •using vacuum tubes • decimal internal coding |
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Why vacuum tubes are used? |
To control the flow of electrical signals |
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Properties of vacuum tubes: |
•large •generating a lot of heat •prone to fail |
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Properties of early computers: |
•slow •tedious •repetitious |
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Part III: |
Age of the mainframes 1951 to 1970 |
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What happened during 1950s? |
Computers got smaller over time because of reduction in size of vacuum tube computer circuits |
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Who created first compiler?why? Advantages? |
•Grace Murray Hopper •because she was tired of writing machine code by hand •improved programming speed and efficiency |
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The most important invention of the 20th? |
The transistor( replaced vacuum tubes, which were bulky) |
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Integrated circuit: |
•Allowed placement of many transistors onto a small surface •lowered the cost and decreased space •made computers smaller and cheaper to build |
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What is the first device built with transistors? |
Zenith Royal-T “tubeless” hearing aid |
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IBM/360: |
•family of computers •established the standard for mainframes for a decade an beyond |
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The program which uses punched cards: |
Fortran program |
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Going to the moon: |
Apollo space program depended on computers to calculate trajectories and control guidance |
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Who is Margaret Hamilton? |
•led the team who coded programming for the guidance computer •considered a pioneer in software engineering |
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Who developed first minicomputer? |
Gordon Bell |
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Gordon bell: |
•brought computing to small business •created competition for IBM •made Boston area first silicon valley |
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What does DEC stand for? |
Digital Equipment Corporation |
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Properties of specialized supercomputers: |
•high performance systems used for scientific applications •advanced special purpose designs |
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The use of IBM summit supercomputer? |
Used for: •hydrodynamic •quantum chemistry •molecular dynamics •climate modelling •financial modelling |
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Part IV: |
Age of the personal computers After 1970 |
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Intel 4004 microprocessor: |
•first commercially available microprocessor •first used in a programmable calculator •made personal computer possible |
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Properties of desktop and portable computers: |
•use microprocessors •all in one designs •aimed at mass audience •personal computers •workstations |
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The first kit micro computer? |
Altair 8080 |
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When microsoft was born? |
After bill gates and Paul Allen delivered a BASIC compiler |
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First apple computer was made by who? |
Steve Wozniak And Steve Jobs |
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What is the first plug and play personal computer available at retail? |
Radio shack TRS-80 |
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Properties of Radio shack TRS-80? |
•programmed in BASIC •very useful and affordable •limited commercial software •created a cottage industry |
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What is the first portable personal computer? |
Osborne I |
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Properties of Osborne I: |
•came with lots of bundled •20kilos and cheap •5inch screen |
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What is the IBM’s first personal computer? |
IBM PC |
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Properties of IBM PC: |
•significant shift for IBM •open architecture •established a new standard •operating system supplied by Microsoft |
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The contributions of PARC? |
•ethernet networking technology •laser printers/copiers •object-oriented programming •workstations Alto and Star were the first to use a window based Graphical user interface |
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What is the second personal computer with GUI interface? |
Apple macIntosh |
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Apple MacIntosh: |
•adapted from the work done at Xerox •designed to be computer appliance for real people |
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Advanced research projects agency network (ARPANET): |
•large area computer network •allowed universities to share data |
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What served as the as the basis for the internet? |
Communication protocols developed for ARPANET |
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Memory is measured in what? |
Gigabytes |
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What is the secondary storage? |
Terabytes Soon to be petabytes |
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Communication speeds measured in what? |
Megabits or gigabits per second |
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Slides for part 2 |
Slides for analogue and digital information |
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Two main ways of representing information? |
Analog data Digital data |
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What is analog data? |
Continuous representation, analogous to the actual information it represents |
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What is digital data? |
Discrete representation, using a finite number of digits to record the data |
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Analog examples: |
Mercury thermometer Mercury sphygmomanometer (use toxic metal) Aneroid sphygmomanometer ( non toxic) |
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Accuracy vs. Precision in thermometer: |
While the precision is infinite, the accuracy of the thermometer is dependent on manufacturing quality |
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Computers are finite on infinite? |
Finite |
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Information is often represented in a finite range or infinite range? |
Infinite range |
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T/F: Computers can only operate on a fixed amount of data at a time |
True |
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T/F: The amount and type of data must be know ahead of time by computers |
True |
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Steps of conversion of analog to digital data? |
1-sampling(discretization): convert continuous variation to discrete snapshots 2-quantization(truncation): convert infinite range of values to a finite one |
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The information can be lost in digitization? |
Yes But any losses are completely avoidable after digitization is performed |
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What is the basis of representing digital information? |
Binary digits (bit) The symbol is b |
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What values bit can hold? |
0 or 1 |
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What is a combined group of 8 bits? |
A byte with symbol of B |
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T/F: Computers cannot work well with analog information |
True |
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Why we use binary? |
Representing only one of two states benefits cost and reliability |
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Two stages of digital signals? |
High(1) and low(0) |
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What happens for electronic signals when they transmit |
Both digital and analog degrade as they move down a line |
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Why the voltage of the signal falcuates |
Because of the noise produced by environmental effects |
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Can we completely regenerate the signal in digital if distortion is small? |
Yes we can do it and regain the original shape |
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Can we completely regenerate the signal in analog if distortion is small? |
No we cannot. Because degradation of analogue signal is permanent and we can’t understand if the distortion was not present originally |
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How can we remove redundancy? |
Using mathematical algorithms that work with discrete values |
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Digital representation: summary |
•Easier to process digital data •Easier to transmit reliably • Digital signals can be completely regenerated •Easier storage and compression |
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